This statement shortly describes the changes in the telecommunication market that have taken place in the last 12 years, during the socio-economical transformation in Poland. It concerns economical, legal and technical problems related to the development of the telecommunications in Poland based on the principles of the market economy. Especially it is related to the commercialization of this sector, what has been a result of the changes of the principal law ruling the national economy including changes ot the telecommunication law. Changes of the law enabled the creation of the commercial company Polish Telecom and opened the way to the privatization of this company. Due to the changed law the way to the step-by-step liberalization and de-monopolization process has been also opened in Poland. It has caused fully digital modernization of telecommunication network, introduction new services such as cellular communications and Internet services, as well as rapid development of the market, what has expressed in multiplication of number of subscribers of stationary telephony, creation of the big cellular market and new increasing Internet market. The statemnet also refers to present difficulties in development of this market and as well as to the prospects for the future developments.

Optical communications infrastructure is undergoing an intense development in his country now. A number of international investors and domestic operators are building from the beginning, modernizing or developing proprietary network or leasing wide area systems on a large scale. The aggregate level of these processes is of the order of bil $. Despite of this the network is not homogeneous, has not satisfactory bandwidth, lacks the QoS, has inadequate international connections, and (according to prevailing opinions) the prices are too high for corporate as well as private users. The intense development of the optical infrastructure is governed by two dominant tendencies: burying new large, fat, optical pipes--cables containing even as much fibers as 500 (for C, L and XL optical bands) and investments in DWDM for main traffic directions (previously working in 1300 nm band).

Optical networks need added intelligence and performance at the edge to efficiently link broadband access infrastructure to the optical multi-provider transport environment. Intelligent edge ruting platforms deliver carrier-class performance and reliability essential to the delivery of next-generation services requiring end-to-end QoS, diversified levels of security and users' network self-configuration. This digest paper is basing mainly on special issue of IEEE Com. Mag devoted to this subject.

In this paper we review issues of evolution of optical networks towards their full optical transparency and present sequence of eliminating non-transparent elements out of optical links (networks). Architectures of optical commutators with electrical and optical cores have been presented, as well as a structure of OMO (optical-millimeter wave-optical) switching fabric. An example of pure al-optical switch, made by Luxcore, utilizing dispersion compensating elements, wavelength converters and and variable optical attenuators (VOA) operating entirely in optical domain without optical-electrical-optical (OEO) conversions, was quoted. We brought up an issue of all-optical 3R signal regeneration for long-haul networks and reviewed two different approaches: a regeneration of a single channel and simultaneous regeneration of four channels without converting WDM signal to basic channels.

The work describes hybrid telemetric system built from cheap and standardized measurement stations equipped in cheap, off-shelf optoelectronic and classical sensors, provided with Internet connections and localized in local community administration and service centers. Cheap metrological server, for such a telemetric network, was designed. A number of such servers were manufactured and installed as a fully funtional network. The design included: functional structure of the server, measurements algorithms, software and hardware layers, in particular effective connections for large number of diversified sensors. The description presented below is devoted to a particular model of the network realized practically in a few local community sites around the city of Warsaw, including the Town of Zielonka and city center. The realized functional solutions for the hybrid optoelectronic network were debated in details. The debated system functionalities embrace three layers: functions, hardware and software, and include: choice of measured parameters, measurement methods, data acquisition, access to processed data via the Internet, kind of applied sensor and methods of sensor signal transmission, kinds of applied microprocessor chips, types of PC chips, functional structure, realized data, system programming environment, telecommunication and telemetric procedures, system test, etc. Usage of optoelectronics in the HOST system was emphasized.

The paper is a tutorial and literature digest of chosen problems connected with specific measurement techniques of nonlinear optical fibers. Such fibers are used more and more frequently in active photonic devices and sources, nonlinear sensors and photonic functional devices. Nonlinear effects in optical fibers are also of concern in optical communications systems. This tutorial bases on (31) report and is supplemented with references digest.

Numerical approach used to solve Coupled Nonlinear Schrodinger (CNLS) equations is considered. CNLS equations describe propagation of ultrashort optical pulses in highly birefringent nonlinear optical fiber. Numerical results for the case of equal excitement of both modes are presented.

This article includes effects offiber optics PC and APC connectors measurement made using Interferometer ZX-1mini. The main idea of measurements is check possibility of influence climate conditions and multiple connecting and disconnecting on static parameters of fiber optic connectors. Authors would like to pay attention on this point. However it is only the beginning topic it shows some possibilities.

More and more CATV operators in Poland offer their subscribers a fast Internet access and other services. To offer high-speed Internet services cable operators create data networks that operate over hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) plant. In the paper a basic architecture of such network and data transmission standards are described.

The paper presents a debate over objective conditions connected with high energy physics experiments. Some consequences stem from these conditions concerning requirements for electronic apparatus and its structure. Systematic characteristics of electronic systems for such experiments were included. The following layers of electronics are distinguished: detector electronics, triggering electronics, data acquisition and supervision-management-diagnostic. Methods to design and fabricate described systems were presented.

In the LHC experiments at CERN, spectacular amounts of data will need to be read out and stored in pipelines. A multi-level triggering system will be used to reduce the amount of data that is stored for further analysis, and the whole system, including the other experiments located on the LHC, will be synchronized to a common 40.08 MHz clock. The operating conditions inside the experiments are very harsh and the space is limited, meaning that a lot of electronics have to be located outside of the detector in control rooms 10 to 100 meters away. The relatively long distance, together with the high data rate, call for fiber optic data transmission. In this paper an overview is given of the optical link developments made for different sub-detectors of the CMS experiments.

The paper presents, a specially designed chip, which ensures the carrying out of tests compliant with IEEE 1149.1-1990 Std. The above mentioned tests are very useful when checking for any errors and defects in electronics devices. The currently available solutions are not suitable for the requirements, which are quite specific and are the results of past experience. Therefore, a dedicated Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) core was created in VLSI Hardware Description Language (VHDL) implementing the desired functionality. The achieved result is a BS controller supporting many BS chains, working in parallel and using pipelining to boost performance.

This paper presents a distributed control system developed for TriDAQ boards prepared for Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detector in Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Muon Trigger system to be used in Large Hadron Colider (LHC) in CERN. The control systme is based on Linux servers embedded in TriDAQ boards. The communication between embedded servers and managing/data processing host is assured by the Ethernet network. The embedded controllers offer sufficient computational power to perform board diagnostics and preprocessing of acquired data. Presented solution assures both high flexibility (due to configuration by the network) and high performance (due to highly parallel architecture).

Theoretical and practical realization of the JTAG testing system for the RPC Muon Trigger of the CMS experiment at the LHC accelerator at CERN laboratory (Geneva) is presented. The paper covers issues related to tests of connections of the printed circuit boards (PCB) of the RPC Trigger. Functionality test of devices and modules were performed. Special test were designed for large PLD FPGA. Testing environment for the JTAG model is discussed. The model is based on some existing and some newly developed testing algorithms. Practical system realization is presented. The system consists of the hardware interface and the software layer. Software was built using C++ object oriented language and databases. Exemplary test of the RPC Muon Trigger electronics was performed and the results were given.

Using a powerful Detector Control System (DCS) is one of the most important requirements in big high-energy physics experiments like CMS. After an introduction of the organization of the CMS detector and of the concept and the architecture of DCS, the paper will concentrate on the description of the Link Board, a data and trigger link readout module of the CMS RPC (Resistive Plate Chamber detector), and the possibility of using a 'Control board' (ELMB or CCUM) to control it.

Several new experiments in particle physics are being prepared by large international consortia. They will generate data at the rate of 100-200 MB/sec over a number of years, which will result in many PetaBytes (10¹⁵ B) of data. This data will have to be made accessible to a large, international community of researchers, and as such it calls for a new approach to the problem of data analysis. Estimates of the computing needs of future experiments, as well as scenarios of overcoming potential difficulties are presented, based on the studies conducted by LHC consortia and Grid computing projects.

High-energy experiments like Atlas, Alice, CMS or LHCb at the LHC accelerator at CERN will be performed in very harsh conditions for electronic equipment. High radiation level in the experimental halls causes that commonly available electronic devices do not work properly. A specialized optical transmitter--GOL (Gigabit Optical Link) has been designed at CERN to meet the radiation environment requirements. The design goal was to supply device resistant to high radiation, fast, and being able to transmit data through optical links. Transmitter was designed considering two important characteristics of its work environment: high radiation level and gigabit transmission speed. Proper internal structure of GOL chip allows to minimize single event upsets (SEU) caused by ionizing radiation. Unfortunately, the design does not elimiate SEU completely. This paper presents testing system for the GOL. Its main purpose is testing new prototypes of optical fiber gigabit transmission systems using GOL transmitter and commercial receiver components. The system will be implemented in the CMS experiment for control purposes. It will monitor optical link and transmission quality in the RPC detector. System consits of hardware layer and software layer. Hardware layer, based on Latera FPGA programmable devices. Software has been developed using C++ environment integrated with VME controller hardware.

The article describes the algorithm of finding the highest transverse momentum muon based on the signals from fast RPC detectors in CMS experiment at the LHC collider in CERN (Geneva). Very fast progress in FPGA performance makes it possible to build Pattern Comparator Processor (PAC) using this technology. Compilation and simulation of different configurations of PAC are discussed. Improved algorithm which requires smaller resources in the FPGAs is presented.

The CMS detector will have a dedicated subdetector (RPC chambers) to identity muons, measure their transverse momenta p_t, and determine the bunch crossing from which they originate. Trigger and data acquisition systems can be built in the control room (far away from detector), where all trigger data will be concentrated. Idea of diagnostic and calibration system and its functional structure implemented into whole CMS RPC Muon Trigger was discussed in others documents. This paper includes description of parameterized and universal prototype of diagnostic and calibration system in Tri DAQ prototype board and test results.

The paper presents ideas and realization of hardware (photonics and electronics) and software diagnostic layers of TRIDAQ for BAC calorimeter of ZEUS experiment at HERA accelerator. The aim of diagnostic system (DS) is to provide high reliability of the BAC. The diagnostic system localizes, in the fastest possible way, place, time and cause of any breakdown inside the BAC. Functionalities of diagnostic system were discussed. Construction of distributed, diagnostic hardware layer was presented. The software layer of the system was designed using the object-oriented approach. Object oriented virtual classes were defined. These classes control electronics and photonics devices and sub-systems. Application examples were presented. The implementation results of DS for TRIDAQ were discussed.

The paper presents functional structure of database system of data measurement quality for BAC detector in ZEUS experiment. The system collects diagnostic and experimental data. Diagnostic data are: work parameters of the detector and electronics/photonics, tests of electronic/photonic blocks. These data are archived for certain period of time. The quality of current data collection process is estimated using these archived data. The result of such estimation is generated in a form of status map of the detector. Such maps, describing status of the hardware, are fundamental for elementary particle analysis by the calorimeter. The DAQ system, collecting data to the database, estimates data quality on-line during transmission and writing. This mechanism of fast on-line data quality management leads to early discoveries of detector work irregularities and faults.

The pioneering TESLA linear accelerator and free electron laser project is initially introduced. Elementary analysis of cavity resonator with signal and power considerations is presented. Two alternative simulation models of cavity control system are proposed.

The fundamental knowledge containe in the previous paper on "cavity control system essential modeling for TESLA linear accelerator and free electron laser" is applied for Matlabs' Simulink implementation of the basic models for the cavity resonator. Elementary simulations of the cavity behavior are carried out and some experimental result for signals and power considerations are presented.

This paper presents a new FPGA based solution of the Low Level RF Control System for TESLA Test Facility. The LLRF Control System is responsible for maintaining the constant amplitude and phase of accelerating field in set of accelerator's cryomodulaes driven by single klystron. To obtain shorter processing time and less complicated hardware an FPGA based solution was selected. The proposed simulation has been simulated in software, and appeared to be faster and less complex than DSP based solutions.

In the paper, there is investigated the interaction between the dispersion in optical fiber and the chirp of gaussian impulses. Formulas are presented for the impulse from at the fiber far end. The presented results indicate that this interaction may lead to significant distortion of optical impulses at the fiber output even when the second order dispersion is entirely cancelled and the input impulse has no linear chirp.

The paper describes principles of minimization of noises in infrared detection systems. An analysis of operating conditions affecting signal to noise ratio (S/N) has been carried out. Many practical solutions have confirmed theoretical predictions.

In this paper an overview of transmission parameters of multimode fibers is presented. Characteristic of fiber attenuation and bandwidth--main limitation of use this fibers in modern communication systems are also discussed. In this paper is also presented mathematical model of transfer function, in the basis of previously presented articles.

Optical switches are key components in flexible fiber systems. Thermo-optic switches can potentially provide low transmission loss, high stability, low power consumption and very large scale integration. In this paper finite difference based thermal and optical waveguide mode simulations are used to investigate the properties of thermo-optic (TO) switches based on silicon-on-insulator rib waveguides.

The object of this article is the new conception of FSK/MSK signals receiver sampled with a minimum possible rate and represented in digital processing by their non-oversampled complex envelope. The receiver's property is an adaptive correction mechanism, which compensates an unknown phase shift and a fractional group delay caused by a non-ideal transmitter and receiver synchronization. The research is illustrated by simulation results with noise presence and linear distortion in communication channel.

We present the method of detection the kind of burned fuel in industrial conditions. Wavelet transforms (both continuous and discrete) were applied for the signals corresponding to pulsation of chosen flame zone.

In this article we compare compression of flame pulsation signals based on Fourier transform, wavelet transform and wavelet packet transform. The results show efficiency of compressing based on cumulative energy of the same number of coefficients.

Laser sensor for the level control of a liquid mirror has been used in stereolithography. The semiconductor laser was used in the measurement system to obtain a dependence of optical signal relating a position of liquid mirror for the unfocused beam as well for the focused beam on the surface of a segment detector. Sensibility of this system exhibits a usability for the level liquid control.

The subject of research is an optical fiber temperature sensor based on coupling phenomenon between cores. The paper presents an influence of the coupling length between cores on operation of such a sensor.

The paper considers problems concerning the entry of the light beam into optical fiber, its propagation inside as well as the processes connected with the beams exit. Light flux losses occurring during the processes mentioned above, such as Fresnel's reflections, internal reflections on the interface of the two media as well as the losses resulting from the absorption of the radiation inside the core of the optical fiber were discussed. The work also describes the algorithm of numerical computations and the results of computer simulations in the function of such variable parameters as the distance of the light source from both the symmetry axis and the front of the optical fiber, linear absorption coefficient of the fiber core material, losses resulting from the defective internal reflections as well as the length of the core itself. The numerical results were presented graphically.

In this work authors present: fiber optic head for half-cylindrical illuminance measurement, fiber optic scanner for measurement of luminance distribution in the space and three sections fiber optic head for luminance measurer giving possibilities to calculate luminance distribution in each section of vision field. All constructions based on fibers produced by authors. Apart from the measurement of illuminance on the plane surface it is also necessary to measure half-cylindrical illuminance (according to the rules and other recommendations). The luminous flux incident on the photometer's head has to be corrected (according to the definition of the luminous flux). It is possible to do this spatial correction using light fibers having very small numerical aperture (NA). Authors present this kind of construction. In many cases we have to measure the luminance function in the space. This function we can find in the conventional way - making a lot of measurements in different directions. For the purpose of automatization of that process, authors offer new construction of fiber optic photometry head for luminance measurement, based on light fiber element which is turning around in half-space and cooperating wiht the CCD element. All data from detector are analyzed by computer. The brightness distribution in vision process is very important. The object being in the center of attention, laying in the middle of field vision should be the most bright. The nearest surroundings of that object should possess lower brightness and the background least of all (average value). According to recommendations the luminance quotients of following areas: background to the nearest surroundings and to the visual field should be 1:3:10. The new method of measurement of brightness distribution using optical fibers is presented.

In the article the recommended by the CIE method of the discomfort glare evaluting is presented. A condition of practical realization of this method is the knowledge of luminance distribution in the room. The best detection method is using the CCD camera, which allows to evaluate all the quantities needed to calculate the UGR index: the background luminance, the luminance of the luminous parts of each luminaire at the observer's eye, the solid angle of the luminous parts of each luminaire at the observer's eye and the position index for each luminaire.

The following article presents the results of research connected with modeling lighting optical fibers of the "side-core" type. Distribution of the luminous flux was caused by its emission from the surface of the cladding, which is modified in such a way that its refractive index is larger than the refractive index of the material of the core. Luminous intensity and luminance of the model optical fiber curves were also determined; their suitability for lighting was also evaluated.

At present fiber Bragg filters are widely used in telecommunication, laser technology and metrology. The new laboratory was organized in the Institute of Electronic Systems (ISE), Warsaw University of Technology for Bragg gratings writing directly on fiber cores. The first results obtained with the use of the phase mask technique are presented.

The main features of crystals with incommensurate phases are reviewed. Special attention is paid to optical properties of ferroelectric crystals of the A₂MX₄ type. Some aspects of practical application of these materials in optoelectronics is also discussed.

Permanent development of photonics stimulates a searching for new materials, which have better optical, mechanical and electrical properties. One of the new classes of materials with large application and development potential are hybrid polymers, synthesized in sol-gel technology. Thanks to incorporation of organic components into an in organic network, a combination of advantages of both class of materials became available. Properties of hybrids may be formed in wide range. These materials can be used in photonics to produce planar waveguides, lenses, Bragg gratings and components for integrated optics. Moreover, dielectric layers, coatings and packaging are made from hybrids. Additionally, research to apply them in optical fiber sensors (including bio-sensors) and solid state lasers is underway. However, to obtain a high quality product, a strict control of its molecular structure must be ensured. This is a very difficult task, because of a sophisticated structure of hybrid polymers. To address these problems, optical, non-destructive measurement techniques such as Raman and infrared spectroscopy were used. They are compementary methods, so their simultaneous application, as it was shown in this paper, can significantly increase the amoung of information about molecular structure of materials and process of their synthesis.

An analysis of the fourth positive system in CO molecule permits to investigate X¹Σ ground state and also A¹Π excited state. In here the emission bands were registered at the small dispersion was analyzed on the basis of vibrational assignment performed in Deslandres table.

The electronic industry is now going through a difficult period. The companies must cut costs, regroup and innovate. Environmentally friendly production from cradle-to-grave can be an essential element of future manufacturing trends. Recognizing leaf-free technology implementation it is necessary to consider the following elements: solder, printed circuit board and component finish or assembly technology. In the paper, the [hysical properties of chosen Pb-free solders were presented. There were analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of two PCB assembly methods: lead free soldering and gluing by condictive adhesive. The comparison of electrical and mechanical properties of joints made by Pb-free solders and two types of conductive adhesives were presented too. It was concluded that the exploitation parameters of joints made by Pb-free solders are proper for PCB assembly. Conductive adhesives may replace solders in these applications were the low value of joint resistance is not critical.

Astronomy and particle physics are often considered as two opposite extremes, but in fact they have very much in common. In this brief review we trace their common roots and we look for the common perspectives. We predict that in the near future they will de facto merge in terms of phenomena being studied, theories used to describe them as well as experimental techniques.

An apparatus is proposed to search for optical flashes in the night sky with the time resolution of ~5s. The origin of the flashes could be the same as Gamma Ray Bursts observed by astronomers and attributed to the most powerful cataclysms ever observed. The apparatus called "π in the sky" covers large part of a visible sky hemisphere down to about 20 degrees above the horizon. It consists of 16 photo-lenses with 50 mm focal length, each equipped with CCD of 2000 × 2000 pixels. Significant part of data analysis is perfomred in real time.

Rapid progress in scientific research enlarges the gap between amateurs and professional scientists. Modern astronomy is based on technologically advanced CCD cameras and large, computer driven telescopes. An investment of about $10,000 is needed for an amateur to join the club of digital observers. In this paper we describe an attempt to break this barrier by developing entry-level systems in the range of $200-$2000.

Low cost CCD devices like webcams have great educational potential e.g. for amateur astronomy. Their low performance can be overcame to large extend by applying techniques described in this paper. Key elements in hte image processing are adding a large number of frames and shifting the frames with respect to each other, which turns systematic errors into statistical ones and averages them out.

A step by step guide, how to measure variable stars with a webcam is given. All necessary hardware and software is introduced. Procedures of setting up the equipment, aquiring the data, and data analysis are described in detail.

The application of SQUIDS and superconducting radiometers in clinical biomagnetic instrumentation for fetal magnetocardiography is presented. The paper focuses on the characteristics and performance of the third order flux transformer for fetal magnetocardiography with a good signal to noise ratio. An optimum figure of merit of the third order flux transformer was determined. The optimal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was used as the optimization criterion.

Fetal magnetocardiography - a modern method of measuring electroactivity of fetal's heart is gaining more popularity interest among scientists and doctor's. For the method to become a useful tool in diagnosing congenital heart disease there has been created an international database composed of data taken from various scientific centers in the world (e.g. Institute of Precision and Biomedical Engineering of Warsaw University of Technology). Cardiograms which are recorded during fMCG (fetal magnetocardiography) and fECG (fetal electrocardiography) examination can be used to classify if the fetal heart is developing in healthy or pathological way. Thus, it has been extremely vital to create the universal and univocal pattern of discrimination between healthy or pathological fetuses. In order to do this an international database with normal values of the parameters describing the cardiograms was needed. The database is a compilation of data measured at various centers using different but similar devices and different signal processing techniques. This work analyses helpfulness of the international database in establishing the universal pattern which in future could serve as the basis for the proper congenital heart disease diagnosis.

Many commercial switches and routers today employ output queueing. The advantages of output queueing are two-fold. First, it allows the throughput to be maximized: so long as no input or output is oversubscribed, the switch will support the traffic. Second, because packets are immediately placed in output queues upon arrival, it is possible to control the latency of packets through the switch. This is very important for supporting QoS in a switch or router. But output queueing is complex and expensive. In this article we discuss gateway queueing algorithms and their role in controlling congestion in multimedia metworks. We show difference between most well-known packets queueing algorithms like: FIFO, CQ (custom queueing), FQ (fair queueing) and CBQ (class based queueing).

Artificial neural networks (ANN), or connectionist classifiers, are massively parallel computation systems that are based on simplified models of the human brain. Their complex classifications capabilities, combined with properties such as generalization, fault-tolerance and learning make them attractive for a range of applications that conventional computers found difficult. One of the possible neural net applications is an analysis of high dimension data sets. Thanks to mentioned above classifications capabilities, net output signals are low-dimension representations of inputs where each output can represented some input signal feature. In this paper we present the new algorihtm of multivariate data classification. The algorithm based on modified counterpropagation neural network. The main goal of our research as to develop a new classifier architecture which reduces the required number of interconnection in a hidden layer as well as output layer. That allows easier hardware implementation of proposed algorithm.

Use of incoherent illumination in digital holography for the quality reconstruction improvement has been under explorations. Incoherent light was treated here as a set of the coherent point sources mutually spatially incoherent. It has been demonstrated that the use of such illumination can improve quality of reconstructed object distribution in digital holography. The validity of presented techniques confirmed carried out simulations.

Use of incoherent illumination in digital holography for the quality reconstruction improvement has been under explorations. The incoherent light was treated here as a set of the coherent point sources mutually spatially incoherent. Paper shows that the use of such illumination can improve quality of reconstructed object distribution (intensity, amplitude and phase) in digital holography. The validity of presented techniques confirmed carried out simulations.

The development of low cost shape measurement system built on base of LCD display and cheap internet webcam is presented. Design of optomechanical system is described. Measurement methods (including calibration mode) are explained.

The automated system for microelement testing, which consists of Twyman-Green interferometer and waveguide grating interferometer integrated with optical microscope is presented. The microsocpe is additionally equipped with mechanisms to fix, microposition and load a specimen under study. Full-field analysis of out-of-plane and in-plane displacements of microelements is performed at this study. The applicability of the system is proven by performing test of silicon membrane and silicon beam.