This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 6754, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and the Conference Committee listings.

The paper presents a GIS-based approach to assisting video surveillance in micro-spatial environments, such as inside a building. The approach consists of a node-arc network model representing the accessibility in a building and a topological data structure maintaining the locational relationships among the accessibility network, accessible places, and cameras' FOV (field of vision). Human walking behavior is considered in order to determine the spatial extent of nodes and arcs in the accessibility network. Different measures are employed to deal with some special scenarios in a building, such as spaces between two floors and large open spaces. Based on the network model and the data structure, a number of applications can be realized. One of them elaborated in the paper is to quickly locate suspicious moving objects. Besides the procedure, a detailed description is given to explain how to implement the procedure and how to link the above research output to monitors and cameras.

Using GIS technology, this paper studied and evaluated the potential earthquake hazard existing in Memphis electric substations. Two earthquake scenarios were selected in the potential earthquake hazard analysis at Memphis electric substations. The moment magnitude of each scenario earthquake was set to 6.5, 7.0 and 7.5, all of which would put much damage on the performance of the 44 electric substations in Memphis and Shelby County. The GIS map algebra approach was applied to the analysis of the potential hazard that would result from each moment magnitude earthquake. This included the reclassification and overlay of each spatial data layer. Four major kinds of data layers were included in the study. Results about the relative potential hazard existing at each substation were illustrated in tables and analyzed. The applicability of these results was also discussed.

The current situation that almost all of popular GIS softwares do not support normal data format of Electronic Navigation Chart (ENC) based on the IHO S-57 transfer standard, has seriously frustrated data interchange and share between Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). As an attempt, therefore, to transform S-57 data into the data format supported by GIS may be one of the promising techniques to integrate ECDIS and GIS. Keeping the objective in mind, this paper proposed a methodology of building S-57 data models based on a GIS platform. Taking MapInfo as an example, four steps of building S-57 data models were presented: 1. data transformation between S-57 spatial objects and MapInfo spatial features; 2. data transformation between S-57 feature objects and MapInfo attribute data; 3. transformation of relationship between spatial objects and feature objects of S-57; 4. transformation and storage of descriptive information of data sets. The data transformation from S-57 to MapInfo data format was achieved by programming with Visual C++ based on MapX 5.0. Having transformed into the MapInfo data format, the S-57 ENC data can be exchanged with other GIS platforms. The feasibility of the proposed methodology was examined through the ENC data. The results indicated that the proposed methodology succeeded in solving the problem that popular GIS softwares do not support the S-57 ENC data format.

In order to efficiently store, utilize, manage and analyze the huge global spatial data and location based service, alternatives to a global data model are urgently needed. A new global data structure, Multi-type Node Data Structure (MTNDS) based on STQIE is proposed in this paper, to efficiently manipulate multi-resolution data and update data dynamically, especially for vector data. There are two different types of 'node's in MTNDS, one is 'R_Node' (i.e. real-node), the other is 'V_Node' (i.e. virtual-node). The point objects, the arc-line objects and the area (Curve surface) objects are designed in detailed with two node types on STQIE ellipsoid surface. Then hierarchical MTNDS is organized and designed, taking advantage of three object types. Taking example for area objects, the representation in different levels and in different situations, including initial level and middle level, is proposed in this paper. Finally, the dynamic manipulation of spatial data is discussed, taking advantage of the object search manipulation and the cartography generalization.

For meeting the challenge of multi-scale and uncertainty of spatial data, a new theory of building Geo-ontology, which is based on Stratified Rough Sets, is put forward in this paper. The theory for building Geo-ontology based on Stratified Rough Set, called GOSR, studies the Geo-ontology from two aspects: the intension and the extension of the ontology concept.By extending the only one equivalence relation of the rough set to more than two equivalence relations, we consider a nested sequence of m equivalence relations: E1 &subuline; E2 &subuline; . . . &subuline; Em. In conclusion, Geo-Ontology based on Stratified Rough Sets has these characters: a series nested equivalence relation forms a granule different partial ordered lattice. An equivalence relation corresponds to a universe. The elements in the universe are the rough objects in the same spatial scale. The lowest universe is built up by the atom spatial objects. The elements in the higher universe can be built up by generalizability or combination of the lower universe. In this way, we can associate the universes of the Stratified Rough Sets with the multi-scale, uncertain spatial data. On the other hand, the equivalence classes defined by different equivalence relations correspond to different semantic granular Geo-Ontology conception, describing the semantic intension of the spatial data.

The route computation module is one of the most important functional blocks in a dynamic route guidance system. Although various algorithms exist for finding the shortest path, they are faced with the networks in the local server not distributed environment. We present an efficient distributed hierarchical routing algorithm that can find a near-optimal route and evaluate it on a large city road network which is composed of a lot of small networks which are placed on different servers. Solutions provided by this algorithm are compared with the stand-alone traditional hierarchical routing solutions to analyze the same and different points. We propose two novel yet simple heuristic to substantially improve the performance of this hierarchical routing algorithm with acceptable loss of accuracy. The improved distributed hierarchical routing algorithm has been found to be faster than a local A* algorithm.

Global GIS is a system, which supports the huge data process and the global direct manipulation on global grid based on spheroid or ellipsoid surface. A new Global GIS architecture based on STQIE model is designed in this paper, according to the computer cluster theory, the space-time integration technology and the virtual real technology. There is four-level protocol framework and three-layer data management pattern of Global GIS based on organization, management and publication of spatial information in this architecture. In this paper a global 3D prototype system is developed taking advantage of C++ language according to the above thought. This system integrated the simulation system with GIS, and supported display of multi-resolution DEM, image and multi-dimensional static or dynamic 3D objects.

Both the "Earth" coordinates system and "Non Earth" coordinates system are the coordinates systems mostly used in the GIS software nowadays. In the former coordinates system, the earth is treated as a sphere and in the latter one; all the spatial analysis models are based on the Euclidian Plane. The different coordinates system has the different usage: the "Earth" coordinates system is applied to the spatial analysis of large-scale areas and the "Non Earth" coordinates system is applied to local areas. The error will be made if the usage of the systems is exchanged. Through the analysis of typical MapInfo point and line (area) buffer creating examples, the inaccuracy of MapInfo line (area) buffer creating model based on map projection plane has been found. Analyzing and validating its reason, the improving ideas and methods are given out: constituting line (area) buffer creating model by MapInfo point buffer creating model and convex hull creating model; constituting line (area) buffer creating model based on the earth ellipsoid. This paper not only provides an idiographic method for MapInfo users to improve the accuracy and reliability of spatial analysis, but also reminds users not to abuse the buffer analysis tools. On the other hand, this will put forward a good reference for the new version of MapInfo system and other GIS developers.

Integration of spatial information technology for digital urban planning (DUP) was studied in this paper based on analyzing the challenges of digital city upon current urban planning as well as its developing trend. Three subjects related to the spatial information technology and integration were discussed in this paper. First of all, the technology methodology system of digital urban planning was built up, and the position and functions of spatial information technology in digital urban planning were defined. Secondly, the technical integratation approaches of spatial information technology for digital urban planning was discussed in three levels, which include data level, function level, and platform level. Thirdly, the integrated application approaches of spatial information technology for digital urban planning were suggested according to the characteristics of master urban planning and detailed urban planning, which include three steps, such as DUP data preparation, DUP scheme creation, and DUP scheme submission.

To the question of buffer generation for linear objects in GIS, nowadays most of existing studies devote to the algorithms of buffer generation in which the factor of director is not considered because of its complexity, and few people pay attention to study on the lateral buffer generation. This paper attempts to explore and give some preliminary solutions about the lateral buffer generation for linear objects. First it discusses the definition of left and right sides about linear objects, and a new method to determine the lateral relation is designed based on this definition. Furthermore, it puts forward two methods of lateral buffer generation, and gives the implementation steps in detail. In addition, the paper takes some vivid examples to analyze the characteristic and potential problems of these two methods, which have some referenced value to the kindred researches in algorithm design of lateral buffer generation.

Featuring as the discipline of research tool, project and intersection, GIS' science precipitates the stratification and versatility of GIS application and correspondingly social demand of GIS professional. Based on the investigation and analysis relating to the status of current GIS education at home and abroad, this paper points out that GIS professionals should own several dispositions: the integration of basic mathematical as well as spatial knowledge with perfect GIS specialty; the integration of fundamental skills of GIS and strong desire for GIS query and renovation; the integration of GIS developing technique and GIS projects-managing capacity. Moreover, they should grasp a correspondingly stereo knowledge structure, which is elongated by mathematical and spatial elementary, widen by the application, and deepen by special technology. At last, the educational model is proposed, and program is discussed aiming at cultivation of middle or advanced level GIS professionals.

Firstly a formalized represent model of indeterminate geographical objects is designed based on the quartuple (x, y, A, μ). Then a direction reference framework is constructed by revising the cone method for uncertain direction relation presentation, where the partition of direction sections is smoothly and continually, and the two neighboring sections are overlapped in the transition zones with fuzzy method. Based on these, a fuzzy description model for indeterminate direction relation is proposed with the fuzzy directional reference frame where the uncertainty of all the three parts (source object, reference object and reference frame) is taken into account simultaneously. In the end, a case study is implemented to test the rationality and viability of the model.

Studies on economic geography assume that the space accessibility, which means the connectivity of one location with the others, can be considered as the crucial factor determining the land price in case that we can not take account of all factors. Space syntax was widely developed to study the accessibility of urban system recently. The traditional lines-based space syntax theory is not so in reason that every single point along each line has the same syntactical attributes, so it is more logical to use characteristic points to represent the urban system instead. This paper tries to analyze the space accessibility of urban system with point-based space syntax, and then find the inherent relationship between space accessibility and urban land price. The approach of this paper was to get the sample points of land price, calculate the syntactical variables of the sample points depend on interpolation with characteristic points, and find the relationship between space accessibility and urban land price from correlation analysis. The test area is Luqiao, Zhejiang Province, a developed area close to the East Sea of China. The result showed that the total integration and land price had rather strong correlation. It can be concluded that the space accessibility is one of the fatal factor influencing the urban land price, and the integration is the direct variable to describe it. However, more issues have to be discussed: the definition of characteristic points was not so clear and some preferences were factitious, etc. They need to be implemented in the wider context of accessibility covering both geographic and geometric elements through further researches.

To quickly respond to development of the information technology, GIS must be able to create, manage and optimize spatial analyses. Building up spatial analyses using pre-existing geographic models can lead to higher efficiency in fulfilling complex analytical goal. We propose a knowledge-based approach, which meets spatial analyses requirements by integrating distributed and heterogeneous geographic model sources spread over the web. This paper suggests that geographic model integration should be based on the knowledge that we can separate it into syntactic wrapping, semantic representation and domain mapping sub-problems. The architecture for knowledge-based geographic model integration is presented that comprises several functional layers to provide web services to locate, share, and publish model sources. This paper will emphasize on knowledge-based approach to support geographic model integration to simplify the cooperation of geographic scientists.

The GIS Open Service Architecture is built on the open standards specified by the Parlay Group. It provides an innovative solution that brings the best of geographical information applications to communication service providers. It allows the creation and delivery of GIS services easily and economically. This new solution is built around an open, fully distributed, highly scalable and available architecture and consists of the GIS Application Server and Converged Service Delivery Platform. It acts as an operating system for the emerging 3rd generation network.

Driving by a happened event, entities vary from one state to another. Based on the rule, this paper analyzed the relations between events of entities and its states, and made an improvement on base state with amendments model. The improved model is named as multi base state with amendments model. The key idea of this method is to build more than one historical base state according to the frequency of event happens and the amount of data updates. And for the state between every historical base state, we merely stored the changed part but did not re-store the unchanged part. It overcomes the weakness of snapshot method which leads a great deal of redundant data, and also overcomes the drawback of base state with amendments method which will need a great amount of complex computation when historical state is rebuild. This model has been successfully applied to organize the spatio-temporal data of GIS in campus real estate information system. It is very convenient to rebuild house historical state.

This paper combined the studied task and the project of "digital tobacco" and in the backgroun of completely analyzed the current various spatio-temporal reasoning models, and then advanced the technical route by combining the object-oriented technology, and applied this model in the management of tobacco planting of the "Digital tobacco 3S system in YunNan province". Through the application of management of rotating parcels, the mode of management of parcels in this area transferred from the traditional mode to the scientific and modern mode. Consequently, this mode would increase the rationality and scientific component in the planting, monitoring, maintenance and management etc, and then gained the maximal economic benefit.

Access control of Geographical Information System (GIS) has more complex spatial constraints than the general MIS system, it makes the classic role-based access control model(RBAC) can't be used in GIS. To achieve an effective Access Control Model for GIS, an extension model of the RBAC is presented in the paper. Firstly, this paper introduce the three kinds spatial constraints that included layer constraints, region constraints and spatial object constraints; Then the paper expanded the basic RBAC model, added regional class, layers class and so on; Finally, the paper has given the system RABC control model as well as the realization method in view of GIS. An extension model of the RBAC is applicable to mobile computing, wireless access and system about location is concluded by analyzing.

GIS-based cost distance modeling has been increasingly applied to evaluate habitat quality of existing landscapes and to test "what-if" scenarios for habitat restoration planning. The validity of the raster-based modeling tool is inevitably affected by the cell size of the modeling input. Such effects may be assessed at two levels: resistance and accumulated cost surfaces. This study assesses the resistance-level effects by scaling-up a base landscape at 25 m resolution with six aggregation approaches: the nearest-neighbor assignment, the bilinear interpolation, the cubic convolution, the BlockMajority, the BlockMean and the AggregateMean in ArcGIS^TM. The effects were measured by the difference between the aggregated and base resistance surfaces using the proposed measures: the mean absolute error, the mean squared error and the autocorrelation coefficient. The results showed that increasing aggregation sizes would generally increase the difference between the generated and the base resistance surfaces for all aggregations. Furthermore, the BlockMajority performed best in terms of the first two measures, whereas the BlockMean and AggregateMean performed best if judged by the third measure.

Transforming Remote Sensing (RS) classification result from the raster to vector format (R2V) is a common task in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and RS image processing. R2V acts as a bridge connecting GIS and RS data integration, and is an important module in many commercial software packages such as ENVI and ArcGIS. While considering inconvenience and inefficiency existed in current R2V algorithm, it still has some room to improve. In this paper some technologies and skills are addressed to improve R2V, including sub-image dynamical separation, fast edge tracing, segment combination and partial topology construction. A new method of two-Arm chain edge tracing is introduced. The improved algorithm has so me advantages: It can transform all types of RS classification only once, and build complete topology relationship; The shared edge between two polygons is recorded only once, the diagonal pixels with same attribution are connected automatically; It is scalable while processing large dimension image,it runs fast and enjoys a significant advantage in processing large RS images; It is convenient to edit and modify the vectorised map because of its complete topology information. Based on case study, the preliminary results show its some advantages over Envi and ArcGIS.

Accessibility is an important indicator of regional land-use, social justice and quality of life. It means the convenience from one place to another in a specified kind of transportation system. Wide-region based, most of the present domestic accessibility research took the high-grade highway such as highway and railway as entirely open road, without considering the service that high-grade highway provides based on intersection and railway station. This study extended to put forward arithmetic to deal with this problem in a micro-regional study area. Taking New District, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province as a study case, this study researched the assessment of micro-regional internal accessibility based on road network including closed road. This study provides a tool to regional economical and social decision, and introduces a new view for studying relationship between people and land-use in micro-district.

Urban road system is the basic bone of urban transportation and one of the most important factors that influent and controls the urban configuration. In this paper, an approach of modeling, analyzing and optimizing urban road system is described based on complex network theory and GIS technology. The urban road system is studied on three focuses: building the urban road network, modeling the computational procedures based on urban road networks and analyzing the urban road system of Changzhou City as the study case. The conclusion is that the urban road network is a scale-free network with small-world characteristic, and there is still space for development of the whole network as a small-world network, also the key road crosses should be kept expedite.

Chinese government has proposed a strategic development thought named as "Harmonious Society", which contains the requirements to apply Chinese traditional theory to nowadays construction. However, the available theoretical achievement almost all stems from the western, and entirely not suitable for the real situation in China. Meanwhile the research method is fairly traditional. The appearance of the concepts of yin-region, yang-region and yin-yang structure changes the situation of the dominance by a series of westerners' concepts of describing the urban and regional space and theories of spatial structures. Based on the primary achievement of the theory, this article tries to apply GIS methods into the new theory, which makes it more consummate and scientific. This paper will put emphases on discussing the quantitative definition with GIS, evaluate effect and harmonious mechanism about urban yin-yang spatial structure based on existing primary researches of the author's mentor. By means of reasonable division, the yin region and yang region can be defined, and which makes the new definition be quantified and the theory more scientific. First, considering the aspect of economy, social progress and environment, 11 indexes composed of 24 factors are elected as the appraisal foundation. Then, decide the importance of each factor by gifting them different scores(hundred mark system is adopted, that is to say 100 stands for the strongest affection, while 0 stands for having no affection, the score between them from low to high represents the importance variety). Furthermore, rely on AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) synthesizing experts' marking methods, the final point is determined. In this way, the scale of the appraisal units scold be fixed. Then we could construct the effect of the factors. By doing this, the factors' entirety affection on every units can be reflected. Accumulating the factors' scores of each unit, the ultimate affection score could be determined by ArcGIS Analysis. Finally, we could divide the units into three groups according to their final score, from high to low they respectively standing for the yin-region, the transition region and the yang region. The research on yin-yang-regions and yin-yang structure will help stimulate the coordinated development of the whole society and make all the people reach an agreement that we should launch positive and effective strategies and measures to improve the development environment of yin-region, promote its transition to yang-region.

GIS spatial raster analysis has become a powerful tool for geographical phenomena. Unfortunately the computation-intensive raster operations are likely to create computer performance bottlenecks when running on the CPUs. Over the last few years, GPU performance has improved much more than CPU performance. For this reason, many researches have applied the GPUs for scientific, geometric and database computations beyond graphics. This paper demonstrates a general framework for the GPU-based implementation of GIS raster operations, and conducts experiments to compare the computation performance between GPU-based and CPU-based algorithms. The test results indicate that using GPU on spatial raster operations can significantly improve their computation performance. This means that realizing GIS spatial analysis on the GPU create new opportunities by drastically lowering the cost of raster operations on the same hardware performance.

Based on the analysis of the shortcomings of the traditional video monitoring system, the paper presents an efficient road monitoring system based on GIS technology, named Road Monitoring GIS (RMGIS) System. The basic framework of the system modules is set out. The key technology and implementation of the special function are highlighted put forward. The paper takes a new interpretation of the buffer zone, topological network, geocoding and explains the construct method of some mathematical model. Advanced functions such as road topological network, moving object database and adaptive image recognition are also explored and studied in a certain extent. Now the system has been successfully applied to the road management in Shanghai urban area, some intelligent function will be implemented in the follow-up project.

A method of realizing geospatial data sharing in a distributed environment is puts forward. It introduces the application of Web Services and Multi-Agent technology in geospatial data sharing from the viewpoint of technological realization to meet the demand of geospatial data sharing. By analysis of theory and technology of current solutions of geospatial data sharing, we put forward a Multi-Agent Geospatial Data Sharing Model ( MAGDSM ) based on Multi-Agent architecture and Web Service. Web Service can overcome problems of data transmission and platform heterogeneity existing in the distributed computing technologies. Multi-Agent can meet the demand to realize different utility of different users by different searching strategies considering of user's view. In this paper, the structure of MAGDSM is discussed and analyzed in detail. Additionally, a prototype system of Service-based Multi-Agent geospatial data sharing system in a distributed environment is presented.

Taking the Yangtze developing region of Changzhou as the study area, this paper explores the schema of spatial integration of urban industrial land using spatial statistics analysis aided by GIS to solve the problems on assessing conditions of establishing industrial land of the study area. Then the zones for integrating and converging industrial land of the Yangtze region of Changzhou are outlined for spatial integration are raised. This study makes practical sense on guiding the spatial integration of industrial land of the Yangtze region of Changzhou, and is also valuable for other cities or similar areas to use for reference.

As one of the 101 leading national-level historical and culture cities in China, Nanjing owns affluent historical cultural resources. In order to effectively manage and thoroughly protect these valuable resources, which seem to scatter randomly across the space of Nanjing, we must explore the potential distribution rule beneath them. Empirical experience informs us historical sightings agglomerating in a geographical sense (along linear streets, within architectures blocks, etc) generally preserve a relatively complete historical style and feature because of rooting in a same historical tradition. Based on it, we firstly tackle these plot data with cluster analysis, which produces a preliminary result of twelve sorts, and then disconnects or units certain sorts according to a further investigation of cultural homogeneity and neighboring natural scene. This modification reaches seven sorts, an ideal historical and culture planning model for Nanjing. Undoubtedly, extending from this successful case, we believe this method will also provide powerful references for historical city preservation plans of other cities.

In location determination based on natural language, it is common to find the location by describing relationship between the undetermined position and one or several determined position. That indicates that the uncertainty of location determination processing is derived from the one of natural language procedure, the one of spatial position description and the one of spatial relationship description. Most of current researches and regular GIS software take certainty as prerequisite and try to avoid uncertainty and its influence. The research reported in this paper is an attempt to create a new combing method of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Fuzzy set theory and spatial information science named Quickly Location Determination based on Geographic Keywords (QLDGK) to rise to the challenge of location searching technique based on natural language. QLDGK have two technical gists. The first one is geographic-keywords-library and special natural-language-separation-model-library that increases the language processing efficiency. The second one is fuzzy theory based definition of spatial relationship, spatial metric and spatial orientation that extends the searching scope and defines variant confidences on variant searching outcome. QLDGK takes consideration on both higher query efficiency and the lower omission rate. The above method has been proved workable and efficient by QLDGK prototype system which was tested by about 12000 emergency call reports from K-city, Southwest of China, and achieved the test result with 78% accuracy in highest confidence and 8% omitting ration.

This paper includes three parts. Firstly, it evaluates tourism resources of South Jiangsu based on the "Chinese tourist resources general survey norm". Then it analyzes the quantity and the spatial characteristics of the eminent tourism resources of south Jiangsu based on GIS. The result of comprehensive evaluation and spatial analysis showed that the humanity tourism resources play fundamental roles in the structure of the eminent tourism resources, and the natural tourism resources are important parts; and in the spatial distribution, the tourism resources show the characteristics of "strap" and "circle", and disequilibrium distribution in region. Secondly, it makes use of the graph theory to analyze the spatial structure of the eminent tourist resources and analyzes the topological properties of the tourism resources network using several indexes such as β, γ indexes, accessibility index, average directory length and the shortest path matrix, etc. In the end, the paper pays attention to the spatial structure of tourism resources -city relations. Non-equilibrium index and geographical relation ratio are used to observe the spatial structure between the eminent tourism resources and the five cities in south Jiangsu.

Based on the data, which are underwater relief maps of the lower reach of Yangtze River in the years of 1959,1970,1983,1992 and 2003 and three profiles investigated with utilizing Arc-GIS software, this paper studied the evolution process and differences in time and space influenced by revetment in Meizizhou reach of the Yangtze River. Comparing the proportion of the width and depth, and the swing velocities of the water-front and channel line, the results show that since the revetment was undertaken, the swinging range of left waterfront and channel line decreased distinctly and the channel plane distortion was controlled effectively. Then the riverbed was eroded continuously, on which the deepest point was moving towards right. The shoal on the head of Meizizhou becomes deeper and narrower. The channel trends to stability. The Third Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge has further effectively controlled the evolution process of the Meizizhou reach of the Yangtze River.

The basic idea of current study of crop growth monitoring is to analyze the relation between the shape variety of NDVI curve and the condition variety of crop, calculate the feature factors, and speculate the growing condition of crop. This investigation takes five high-yield provinces as study area, including Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu, and takes winter wheat as study object. The ten days maximum value composite (MVC) SPOT-VEGETATION dataset, from 1999 to 2005, is used as the main remotely sensed data. Savizky-Golay filter method, which made the NDVI time-series curve disclose the change rule of winter wheat growth better, is use to eliminate the noise. And then the method of Change Vector Analysis (CVA) is applied to detect the change dynamics of winter wheat. According to the each average value of Change Vector in six years, changes, intra-annual, inter-annual and interlocal, of winter wheat have been quantified. The result shows that the method of Change Vector Analysis is effective for monitoring the winter wheat growth as a new idea, which can integrate most of the feature factors of NDVI curve.

Urban fires are one of the most important sources of property loss and human casualty and therefore it is necessary to assess the potential fire risk with consideration of urban community safety. Two evaluation models are proposed, both of which are integrated with GIS. One is the single factor model concerning the accessibility of fire passage and the other is grey clustering approach based on the multifactor system. In the latter model, fourteen factors are introduced and divided into four categories involving security management, evacuation facility, construction resistance and fire fighting capability. A case study on campus of Beijing Normal University is presented to express the potential risk assessment models in details. A comparative analysis of the two models is carried out to validate the accuracy. The results are approximately consistent with each other. Moreover, modeling with GIS promotes the efficiency the potential risk assessment.

Using GIS technique and 1 : 250000 DEM data, this paper studies the distribution of drought frequency determined by two interpolation methods of inverse distance weighted and regression. The results from two methods are compared. The results show that the regression method based on the factors of climate and geography can reflect drought distribution reasonably and can be used for space extension over the rugged terrains where meteorological stations are sparse.

According to the theory of abrupt climatic change, the regional economic development process in Jiangsu province since 1978 is divided into three periods in this paper. Then the paper employs urban centrality index and time cost for transportation, instead of the city scale and the distance factor, to modify the original potential model. Based on the grid arithmetic of GIS methodology, the paper points out the ranges of urban economic effect regions (UEERs) for central cities at different rank in Jiangsu province of main years. Accordingly, Jiangsu province can be separated into different rank of urban economic effect regions. Consequently, the characteristics of UEERs in Jiangsu province since 1978 can be summarized as below: (1) the change in spatial structure from South-North to East-West, (2) the expanding tendency to north for UEERs in the south, (3) the emergence of new central cities in southern Jiangsu province. Furthermore, the mechanism of evolution of UEERs in Jiangsu is also analyzed in this paper, and the development of transportation axes, the diversities of economic development level and the disparities among the input of social product factors are the three main reasons.

Cadastral coding rules are an important supplement to the existing national and local standard specifications for building cadastral database. After analyzing the course of cadastral change, especially the parcel change with the method of object-oriented analysis, a set of dynamic cadastral coding rules based on kinship relationship corresponding to the cadastral change is put forward and a coding format composed of street code, block code, father parcel code, child parcel code and grandchild parcel code is worked out within the county administrative area. The coding rule has been applied to the development of an urban cadastral information system called "ReGIS", which is not only able to figure out the cadastral code automatically according to both the type of parcel change and the coding rules, but also capable of checking out whether the code is spatiotemporally unique before the parcel is stored in the database. The system has been used in several cities of Zhejiang Province and got a favorable response. This verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the coding rules to some extent.

The establishment of spatio-temporal model of Moving Objects is the foundation of Moving Objects Management and Moving Objects Information Service. Based on the research on Moving Objects and its development, the concept and properties of moving object discussed systemically. A moving object conceptual model called spatio-temporal tube model is presented. The model consists of five major components, i.e. moving points, moving trajectory, space grid, moving events, spatio-temporal tube cell. The model's features of the efficiency dealing with a great lot space-data are described in detail. And the relationships between five elements of the spatio-temporal tube model are also discussed.

It mainly presents the problems of data share in land use database construction. How to accurately define geographic classification expression and how to quickly and accurately express the user demand are plaguing problems of information system developer. The introduction of ontology and relevant technologies address the problem with a brand new perspective and provide a strong theoretical and methodological support. From the relevant ontology theoretical study, this paper summarizes the essence of the concept of ontology; and explores the type, role, method, formalization expression and tools of ontology. On the basis of existing research, the paper brings forward 5-step method of ontology building and then uses this method to build ontology in land use database construction. It also puts forward the notion model of land use database based on ontology.

In geographic space, there are there main spatial relations among spatial entities, which are topological relation, direction relation and distance relation. Because spatial relation theories and researches directly influence the design, develop and application of GIS system, it attaches greatly importance to international GIS and interrelated academe. Qualitative spatial reasoning forms an important part of the commonsense reasoning required for building intelligent GIS. Because of the complexity and uncertainty inherent in spatial issues, the description and reasoning of spatial relation often use qualitative method in accordance with spatial cognition. Because direction relation is one of the most frequent qualitative spatial reasoning factors used in everyday life, the qualitative direction relation reasoning is a kind of important qualitative spatial reasoning. In this paper, we focus our efforts on the problem of reasoning the direction relation between regions that are composed of sets of polygons. According to the number of direction relation elements, direction relation can be divided into monomial direction relation (including one direction relation element only) and multinomial direction relation (including more than one direction relation elements); and the reference frame of direction relation can be divided into one reference frame and two reference frames. Previous methods always abstract regions into points or approximately equal in their size under two reference frames. In order to have meticulously reasoning results, we proposed a method of qualitative spatial reasoning for direction relation based on one reference frame under four different kinds of situations, that is monomial and monomial direction relation reasoning, multinomial and monomial direction relation reasoning, monomial and multinomial direction relation reasoning, multinomial and multinomial direction relation reasoning. In addition, a prototype system and a case study are carried out, and the future research problems and directions about qualitative spatial reasoning for direction relation are also discussed.

Up until now, the optical cable network has covered many cities of China. However, there are still so many middle or small sized cities which are not connected to the grid backbone optical cable network of the country. It is urgent to connect these middle or small sized cities into the backbone optical cable network of the country as soon as possible. However, up until now, little work has been done to find a better way for route choice of main optical cables, including those based on GIS methods. This paper proposes a new method for route choice of main optical cables, i.e., the method for route choice of main optical cables based on Dijkstra Algorithm. In this paper, a model for route choice of main optical cables is built, the influencing factors are chosen and quantified according to the specific situation of Guanyun County, and the route of the main optical cables of Guanyun is chosen and drawn on the map. The result shows that the method proposed by this paper has more potentials than the traditional method used in Guanyun County.

In this paper, the problem of quantification of spatial competition is solved from three aspects: quantification of spatial competition potency, spatial competition relationship, and spatial competition intensity. In quantification of spatial competition potency, traditional evaluation method and Geographical Information System (GIS) spatial analysis technique are combined for evaluation. The influence factors of spatial competition potency are divided as three categories: limiting factors, characteristic factors, and ordinary factors. Thus, synthesis appraisal is employed to analyses spatial competition potency for all geographical entities in evaluation area. At the time of construction of spatial competition relationship model, the gravity model is referred. Nevertheless, some parameters of traditional gravity model are endowed with new meaning: using spatial competition potency of geographical entity to replace the "quality", and using accessibility to replace the "distance". The process of estimating spatial competition intensity of one point in spatial competition area can be finished through the following three steps: computing spatial competition intensity between each two geographical entities around the point, comparing all spatial competition intensity, selecting the maximum spatial competition intensity as the spatial competition intensity of the point. In order to verify feasibility of the method, rural settlements in Tonglu County are selected as test objects.

It is one of the most important and far-reaching problems about multi-scale processing and representation of geospatial data in geographic information science. Processing model of multi-scale geospatial data is the key to the problem. After deeply analysing principles of Genetic Algorithms, a processing model of multi-scale geospatial data based on Genetic Algorithms is proposed: 1.determining coding, this model used restricted coding method combined with existing models; 2. making fitness function: the geometric feature of points cluster and the number of points in line are leading guidelines of fitness function; 3. ascertaining local optimization strategy: it takes contrast of points cluster and precision of points in line as the secondary factors, in order to achieve high optimization efficiency. Experiments have demonstrated that the model does well in terms of preserving geometric feature of geospatial data.

Best-routing is one of the effective ways to solve the problem of traffic jam in a technical way. Based on the classic Dijkstra Algorithm, the bidirectional search algorithm is adopted to improve algorithmic efficiency in this paper. And section resistance is also adopted in best-routing model in order to indicate not only the condition of road itself, but also the information like traffic flow, which can make the road information more general and efficient. And cross linked list is adopted to reflect topological information of road net, which ensures the weight keep minimum. The feasibility and efficiency are verified by a study case of local area in Beijing.

The balance of urban datum land prices is made to harmonize regional land prices and to make datum land prices truly reflect different economic development levels and land prices among cities. At present, Piecewise Linear Interpolation balance method is widely used for the moment, but its two shortages always lead to unsatisfactory balanced results of some cities. As well all known, When the excess of land price in the central city to the surrounding zone achieves a certain degree, the land price of the circumjacent city is not only consistent with the local land grade and land using level, but also influenced by the diffusion of the land price in central city. So, a new balance scheme of datum land price will be brought forward in this paper based on city gravitation model and stochastic diffusion equation. Finally, the new method will be examined in the practice of datum land price balance in Hubei province, china.

GPS data processing for water vapor estimation has been to date based on a baseline approach in which data acquired from different stations are processed at a data processing centre using differential GPS techniques. This approach however is limited by the requirement of short distances between GPS tracking stations. This paper is to describe a station-based approach which processes GPS data at different stations independently, taking advantage of widely available high precision GPS orbit and clock data. The method can provide improved flexibility and efficiency for water vapor estimation and is particularly efficient to implement using sparse national GPS network. The paper will describe the methodology of station-based water vapor determination and the obtainable accuracy of the water vapor estimates using data from a geodetic network of continuously operating GPS reference stations in Canada.

Each scenic area can sustain a specific level of acceptance of tourist development and use, beyond which further development can result in socio-cultural deterioration or a decline in the quality of the experience gained by visitors. This specific level is called carrying capacity. Social carrying capacity can be defined as the maximum level of use (in terms of numbers and activities) that can be absorbed by an area without an unacceptable decline in the quality of experience of visitors and without an unacceptable adverse impact on the society of the area. It is difficult to assess the carrying capacity, because the carrying capacity is determined by not only the number of visitors, but also the time, the type of the recreation, the characters of each individual and the physical environment. The objective of this study is to build a spatial-temporal simulation model to simulate the spatial-temporal distribution of tourists. This model is a tourist spatial behaviors simulator (TSBS). Based on TSBS, the changes of each visitor's travel patterns such as location, cost, and other states data are recoded in a state table. By analyzing this table, the intensity of the tourist use in any area can be calculated; the changes of the quality of tourism experience can be quantized and analyzed. So based on this micro simulation method the social carrying capacity can be assessed more accurately, can be monitored proactively and managed adaptively. In this paper, the carrying capacity of Mount Emei scenic area is analyzed as followed: The author selected the intensity of the crowd as the monitoring Indicators. it is regarded that longer waiting time means more crowded. TSBS was used to simulate the spatial-temporal distribution of tourists. the average of waiting time all the visitors is calculated. And then the author assessed the social carrying capacity of Mount Emei scenic area, found the key factors have impacted on social carrying capacity. The results show that the TSBS-aided method for assessing carrying capacity is dynamic, quantifiable and more accurate.

Based on the deeply analysis of the current status and the existing problems of GIS technology applications in Epidemiology, this paper has proposed the method and process for establishing the spatial decision support systems of AIDS epidemic prevention by integrating the COM GIS, Spatial Database, GPS, Remote Sensing, and Communication technologies, as well as ASP and ActiveX software development technologies. One of the most important issues for constructing the spatial decision support systems of AIDS epidemic prevention is how to integrate the AIDS spreading models with GIS. The capabilities of GIS applications in the AIDS epidemic prevention have been described here in this paper firstly. Then some mature epidemic spreading models have also been discussed for extracting the computation parameters. Furthermore, a technical schema has been proposed for integrating the AIDS spreading models with GIS and relevant geospatial technologies, in which the GIS and model running platforms share a common spatial database and the computing results can be spatially visualized on Desktop or Web GIS clients. Finally, a complete solution for establishing the decision support systems of AIDS epidemic prevention has been offered in this paper based on the model integrating methods and ESRI COM GIS software packages. The general decision support systems are composed of data acquisition sub-systems, network communication sub-systems, model integrating sub-systems, AIDS epidemic information spatial database sub-systems, AIDS epidemic information querying and statistical analysis sub-systems, AIDS epidemic dynamic surveillance sub-systems, AIDS epidemic information spatial analysis and decision support sub-systems, as well as AIDS epidemic information publishing sub-systems based on Web GIS.

An automatic stereopair exposure system (ASES), which employs non-metric digital camera and control bars, was developed aiming at monitoring sandbank movement in a way of non-contact, succession, low cost with satisfied accuracy. Control bars was placed in front of camera, replacing the conventional ground control points (GCPs); nonmetric digital camera, computer-controlled exposure without using total station at monitoring time, and automatically locating feature point serve a solution to non-contact monitoring. A theoretical experimentation for accuracy test showed that relative accuracy from 1/1500 to 1/20000 could be available, with the variation of space resection to calculate the exterior orientation parameters. In the practical application of Enshu-nada coast, estuary of Kiku River of Shizioka Prefecture, Japan, the method of fixing camera position provided height direction with an accuracies of 1/1442 and 1/7211, to the longest photographic distance and the shortest photographic distance, respectively, compared with total station (TS). The method is flexible and is accurate enough for monitoring sandbank movement.

Service-oriented WebGIS is becoming a new trend of WebGIS. Under this schema, GIS data and operations are enveloped into self-organized as well as self-described GIS web services. Via flexibly assembling theses web services, GIS applications can be designed and implemented. Based on such, the bottleneck in spatial data sharing and GIS operations can be widened to a certain extent. In this article, architecture for service-oriented WebGIS in the mode of Multilevel-multilayer Organizing was focused on, and the hierarchical architecture for GIS web services, multi-level query for GIS Web services as well as functions of intelligent manager were presented and demonstrating. In a case study, a land use planning management information system for Yubei district, Chongqing city, had been developed based on web service technique to demonstrate proposed feasibility.

Agricultural activities, especially reclamation, are considered major threats to the wetland ecosystems in Sanjiang Plain, the largest concentrated area of the freshwater wetlands in China. Using remote sensing date interpretation, we obtained land cover sceneries for 1976, 1986, 1995 and 2005. Based on these data sets, this study analyzed the dynamics of the wetland cover and the conversion between wetland and other land cover types for Sanjiang Plain during the past 30 years. It shows that the wetland in Sanjiang Plain has been severely damaged. The wetland area decreased by 37.72% from 1976 to 1986, by 15.54% from 1986 to 1995, and by 30.97% from 1995 to 2005, Wetland loss had much slowed down during 1986 to 1995, but in recent years (1995-2005), it was very high. It was found that most wetland losing was the result of cropland reclamation, and only small part due to conversion into grassland and forests. Both demographic and resource management policies were analyzed for the wetland reduction. The result showed that increasing population was the main reason for wetland reduction in the past decades since P.R. of China foundation. Though the speed of wetland loss decreased during the later period, the reclamation of wetland still happened, so the practicable protection measurement of the wetland in Sanjiang Plain should be reinforced further.

As the fast development of the information technology (abbr. IT), it offers the chance for mine engineering to express the research objects by the new technology. But to look at it another way, it also presents a challenge for the mine engineer to improve the management capability nowadays. The nature geological features of mine, such as orebody, terrane, cracked belt caused by rupture, and laneway, goaf, etc., are one real three-dimensional (3D) dynamic geography and geologic environment. Therefore, the production and organization activity of mine are all in real 3D environment. As a result, it is essential that utilizing the computer-based digitization technology to model all kinds of geologic condition and paroxysmal accident we may encounter in the mining and digging course. Building 3D digital stratigraphic information management system, it is of far reaching importance for the design and construction during the process of mine building, for the dynamic management of numerous and jumbled engineering geology material during excavating production and administrative procedure, for improving the data visualization degree, for advancing work efficiency greatly, and for safety in production of mine. The concept of digital strata is proposed to solve such problems. Based on the aim above, that is to build the stratigraphic information system for mine, we design the system frame. From the rock-bottom data management to higher level of analyses and application, the frame is divided into four layers: data management layer, model layer, spatial analysis layer, and application layer.

There are pronounced spatial-temporal patterns in water turbidity in Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve (NNR), China. A most suitable empirical model validated by the field data between Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and Secchi Disk Depth (SDD) selected as the indicator of water turbidity is used to map the spatio-temporal dynamics. High water transparency values are observed during the summer season, while the most turbid situations always occur in winter. In different years, the trend is similar while the occurrence of detailed peaks is a little different in the same lake. Comparing the situation in different seasons, the most turbid places show in different directions. Different lakes have their specific situations. The turbidity difference in the low-water season is less than the varying in the other seasons. Statistical methods were used to quantify the influence of factors such as water level, wind speed, temperature and rainfall. Further statistic analysis is used to judge the accuracy of the model. Some ancillary environmental factors which can also play a role such as fishing, dredging, vegetation and bird's influence are analyzed by theoretical deduction, supported by field investigations and historical data.

In order to promote the economy development of the PoYang Lake Area, simultaneously provide the information of the rain and water state promptly for all levels of departments, which can be used to establish the auxiliary decision information of the flood or the dike burst for the on-spot direction about the flood prevention and resisting disaster, the author firstly explore the WebGIS technology, which includes the definition and speciality and the basic working patterns of WebGIS; secondly, the author design the project for the system, which includes the principles of system design, development environment, interface design, system function design, and so on; thirdly, the author develop and realize the system. With application to the decision of the on-spot direction about the flood prevention and resisting disaster in the PoYang Lake area, the system not only monitors and forecasts the flood disaster, and gives the loss assessment timely and effectively, but also provides the decision basis for the safe and effective transfer of the suffered staff and property and for determining the optimal path for the relief materials mix.

According to the report issued by the Health Bureau of Beijing that the number of newly registered active pulmonary tuberculosis cases in floating population exceeded half of that in registered permanent residence in 2006. More attention has been paid to the tuberculosis of floating population. Materials and methods: The population data included in the studied was reported by the Beijing Police Bureau in 2004, and the case source from 2004 to 2006 was provided by Beijing Research Institute for TB Control. Two GIS-based methods have been used to detect the hot spots of tuberculosis in 18 districts of Beijing. Results: The distributions of hot spots of tuberculosis in Beijing are significantly associated with that of floating people. Most likely cluster from all population matches with those from floating population, which is stable from 2004 to 2006. Conclusion: The spatial analytical results indicated that the floating population has a drastic influence on the epidemic of tuberculosis in Beijing. The tuberculosis control measures should incorporate the effect of floating population.

Landslide is one of the major geological disasters in Minhe area bounded on Gansu and Qinghai. Based on field detailed investigation on landslide susceptibility of Minhe area, the said paper selected four principal controlling factors to establish digital assessment standard of regional landslide susceptibility via construction of mathematical model as well as making scoring diagram of regional landslide susceptibility. Meanwhile, the method and flow of geological mapping multisource-data integration was initially set up. Two premises for conducting multisource-data integration during regional geological survey on digital basis were determined, namely, geological problem and mathematical model applicable for various geoscience research data. Two mathematical methods cited during the whole flow were Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and decision tree. Digital quantification of different data types such as qualitative data and qualitative data was realized with AHP, so that those data can be imported into mathematical formula and participated in calculation as variables. Decision tree achieved artificial intelligent classification of space data such as remote sensing. Finally, landslide susceptibility assessment diagram of Minhe area was obtained, which was basically in accordance with the actual landslide distribution principle of the region via comparison with actual conditions.

Using the methods of Semantic Differential Method and Factor analysis, and taking three environmental space of urban sculpture in Nanjing city as an example, we quantitatively evaluated the urban dwellers' subjective impressions of the different types of environmental space of urban sculpture. The result shows that the feelings of psychological environment of the target audience and the effects of landscape of the environmental space account for a very large component in the quantitative evaluation of the visual satisfaction of environmental space of urban sculpture. So the visual satisfaction research should focus on the feelings of psychological environment of the target audience and the effects of landscape of the environmental space, which are both valuable aspects.

The occurrence of landslides generally depends on complex interactions among a large number of partially interrelated factors. It is appropriate to use multiple regression analysis for predicting landslides from a given set of independent variables. The procedure of landslide hazard assessment by regression analysis, however, requires evaluation of the spatially varying terrain conditions as well as spatial representation of the landslides. In this paper, the multiple regression analysis was applied to predict landslides in Himi district from independent factors, such as geology, slope-aspect, slope angle, land use and soil with Geographic Information System (GIS). Based on GIS, every factor was classified into several clusters and then the statistical weight of every cluster was assigned for every factor respectively. By the weights of five factors, the linear regression's coefficients of these input factors in landslide area were extracted and assigned to the whole region, and then the susceptibility for the potential landslide was obtained to make the landslide hazard assessment map. Geology and slope-aspect factors are the most important ones. Soil factor is not so notable in this research region, though it may be significant in other regions. At last, the average susceptibilities map for existing landslides was made for the engineers to do control work.

Forest fire caused damages of property and loss of human life. Detecting a forest fire and get the location is very significant in the fire early warning. More early and more prompt detecting fire and determining fire position as far as possible could avoid and reduce loss of the disaster. At present there are three ways regarding the forest fire early warning and location determining which included: monitoring form Remote Sense Satellite image, manual observation and patrols, and automatic monitoring through CCD camera long-distance video. Overall evaluation regarding the three location technologies in forest fire early warning, the CCD camera detecting method is suitable in the fire rapid Response. An automatic forest fire surveillance system was running to detect the fire by using visible light images from the remote cameras. If a forest fire was detected, an alarm will be activated. The observation point elevation values, vertical offsets, horizontal and vertical scanning angles, and scanning distances will be also be sent to the central control room. The spatial orientation will be computed and showed on the electronic map. Key location technologies based on CCD camera included the image processing technique for automatically detecting forest fire and the visibility analyzes technique for the digital elevation model. Jing gang Mountain which locates in Jiangxi province of China is taken as an example. With the help of this automatic monitoring through CCD camera long-distance video and visibility analyzes, scientists and government administrators can make decision-supporting easily when they know exactly where a forest fire is. At last the shortage of CCD camera detecting method was discussed. We cannot depend on CCD camera detecting equipment and technologies only. With foundation of the automatic video frequency supervisory system, we should also strengthen manual observation and satellite remote sensing monitor.

Rapid urbanization and the following conversions of land-use have caused series of social and environment problems. To construct a model of land-use conversions has been considered as a powerful tool to analyze the reason, process and results of the conversions, and to make land-use planning and interrelated policies. Cellular Automata (CA) is a kind of bottom-up model which has advantages in simulation method as well as simulation results. However, there are some weaknesses in supporting the land-use planning. The way to extend the usage of CA model in this field is to model dynamic spatial processes of different urban future planning scenarios. An improved CA model is designed in order to meet the new requirement of land-use planning scenario simulation. After the design of CA model, scenario simulation of Kunming metropolitan area will be demonstrated and discussed. In the application, 3 different targets, different density patterns and different planning regulation are provided for the CA model to bring out different scenario simulation results. The results show that this model can be used to recognize the different effects of different land-use planning. It provides a more directly aspect to evaluate the land-use planning, and finally supports the government to construct the new round of land-use planning.

Underwater passive navigation technology is one of the important development orientations in the field of modern navigation. With the advantage of high self-determination, stealth at sea, anti-jamming and high precision, passive navigation is completely meet with actual navigation requirements. Therefore passive navigation has become a specific navigating method for underwater vehicles. The scientists and researchers in the navigating field paid more attention to it. The underwater passive navigation can provide accurate navigation information with main Inertial Navigation System (INS) for a long period, such as location and speed. Along with the development of micro-electronics technology, the navigation of AUV is given priority to INS assisted with other navigation methods, such as terrain matching navigation. It can provide navigation ability for a long period, correct the errors of INS and make AUV not emerge from the seabed termly. With terrain matching navigation technique, in the assistance of digital charts and ocean geographical characteristics sensors, we carry through underwater image matching assistant navigation to obtain the higher location precision, therefore it is content with the requirement of underwater, long-term, high precision and all-weather of the navigation system for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles. Tertian-assistant navigation (TAN) is directly dependent on the image information (map information) in the navigating field to assist the primary navigation system according to the path appointed in advance. In TAN, a factor coordinative important with the system operation is precision and practicability of the storable images and the database which produce the image data. If the data used for characteristics are not suitable, the system navigation precision will be low. Comparing with terrain matching assistant navigation system, image matching navigation system is a kind of high precision and low cost assistant navigation system, and its matching precision directly influences the final precision of integrated navigation system. Image matching assistant navigation is spatially matching and aiming at two underwater scenery images coming from two different sensors matriculating of the same scenery in order to confirm the relative displacement of the two images. In this way, we can obtain the vehicle's location in fiducial image known geographical relation, and the precise location information given from image matching location is transmitted to INS to eliminate its location error and greatly enhance the navigation precision of vehicle. Digital image data analysis and processing of image matching in underwater passive navigation is important. In regard to underwater geographic data analysis, we focus on the acquirement, disposal, analysis, expression and measurement of database information. These analysis items structure one of the important contents of underwater terrain matching and are propitious to know the seabed terrain configuration of navigation areas so that the best advantageous seabed terrain district and dependable navigation algorithm can be selected. In this way, we can improve the precision and reliability of terrain assistant navigation system. The pre-process and format transformation of digital image during underwater image matching are expatiated in this paper. The information of the terrain status in navigation areas need further study to provide the reliable data terrain characteristic and underwater overcast for navigation. Through realizing the choice of sea route, danger district prediction and navigating algorithm analysis, TAN can obtain more high location precision and probability, hence provide technological support for image matching of underwater passive navigation.

Water resources system in irrigation district includes not only constructed infrastructure system but also natural environmental system. How to combine the two systems together is important for watershed and irrigation district management. ArcHydro model has provided a method for hydrology and water resources analysis but lost the ability to model infrastructure system of water resources engineering in irrigation district. The paper has analyzed the characteristics of ArcHydro model, and use ArcHydro feature to model the properties of irrigation infrastructure system, water resources engineering and natural environmental system. The three kinds of features in water resources engineering are given to illustrate the properties of irrigation infrastructure systems, including point feature of monitoring station, line feature of cannel and area feature of reservoir. The irrigation district network model of Shulehe River in Hexi corridor of northwest China is given to illustrate the model of irrigation facilities and water resource management.

Rapid and efficient estimation of flood loss is very important for flood disaster mitigation measurement. Geographic information system and remote sensing are important tools for flood damage evaluation. This paper presents a basic framework of flood loss estimation based on GIS and remote sensing. It illustrates the work flow which includes the extraction of water extent and the flood damage calculation etc. Then a mathematical model for flood loss estimation based on spatial grid is built. The model focuses on the scope of rural agriculture product, linear infrastructures and population causality, and it is formulated based on stage-damage relationships between different flood inundation parameters and land use features. A case study demonstrates the real world application of the model to Tuojiang river basin in Sichuan province, China. The estimation work is undergone through a storm loss estimation system developed with visual basic programming language and Arc Objects. It calculated one flood event in 2001 in Tuojiang River.

Changes in climate, environment and human activity are the main factors responsible for the evolution of land desertification in Hainan Island, among these, the state's policy-oriented human activities are the key point to control the evolution of land system. The cellular automata model of land desertification can better describe the self-organization mechanism of the evolution of desertified land system, whose entropy tends to become small. Based on the analyses of the evolution processes and dynamical mechanism of land desertification in the western part of Hainan Island, the cellular automata model of land desertification was developed, land desertification state in the western Hainan Island in the 2010 was predicted and two experiments of representative virtual policies were conducted. This leads to the conclusions that: (1) The virtual laboratory of land desertification control policies established on the basis of the cellular automata techniques can effectively emulate, predict and visually express the spatial-temporal processes of land desertification dominated by a number of policies; (2) In the coming 5-10 years, if the present land development patterns and policies continue, land desertification in the western part of Hainan Island will tend to significantly expand, therefore some policies and measures favorable to reverse desertification must be adopted.

Distributed hydrological models are widely used to simulate the runoff process and to evaluate the hydrologic effect of various management scenarios, It is not easy to immediately identify the similarities and differences between the different models, few studies have compared the results of different models when applied to the same catchments. Two hydrological models, Three-layer Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC-3L) and Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) are compared in their abilities to simulate runoff in Weihe River Basin in China over a six-year validation period.VIC-3L is a macro-scale hydrologic model based on soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer scheme (SVATS), which is designed to describe the land surface in numerical weather prediction and climate. SWAT model is a complex, conceptual, hydrologic, semi-distributed model with spatially explicit parameterization; it is a continuous time model that operates on a daily time step over long time periods. Two simulated results clear show minimal differences between two models throughout the validation period, although two models have some differences in structure and runoff mechanism. The runoff simulated by two models in spring and winter is underestimated than observed stream flow. The simulated runoff in summer by SWAT is bigger than that by VIC-3L, but is smaller in winter, the simulate runoff by VIC-3L is more flat than that by SWAT. An important difference between model results is the ability to simulate the response of runoff to LUCC, SWAT is a watershed based hydrological model, and it's more evident and accurate to study the response of runoff to LUCC than VIC-3L. The simulated runoff under the land use type in 2000 decreases 6.41% than that in 1986. The runoff has decreased by 15.18% in dry periods and shows an evidently decreasing tendency.

Grid computation and the Theory of Ontology provide opportunities for the integration and interoperation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In this paper we integrate the two technologies into the field of GIS for the semantic interoperability of the geographic information. First, we build geographic data ontology and geographic function ontology to represent geographic data and geographic functions since we consider GIS as an organic system composed of geographic data and kinds of functions related to space such as space query and space analysis and so on. Second, we present how to wrap geographic data with geo-data ontology and how to describe the geographic function with geofunction ontology. Third, we introduce an architecture which composed of Semantic Registration, Consumer Service Center and Semantic Matchmaker for ontology-based geographic information semantic grid services. Finally, we analyze future work need to do for geographic information semantic interoperability.

With the rapid development of urban economy and urbanization construction in China, traffic load rises sharply because of the larger vehicle occupancy within many urban areas, which has already led to serious traffic congestion problem. GIS-T is an efficient technological solution and core information infrastructure for solving modern urban transportation problems. High-level traffic systems must integrate real-time traffic information and spatial data of road to supply timely and efficient public services and guarantee a better orderly transportation. However, for traffic information is multisource, complex and massive, traffic information service must have fast, powerful capabilities for online integration processing. Online integration of traffic information emphasizes the traffic resources share and services optimization, and solve assignment, scheduling, monitoring and feedback of integration computing tasks in dynamic and distributed network. This paper firstly analyzes traffic data and existing problems of online integration, and then discusses mobile agent technology, and finally proposes a mobile agent based unified online integration model of traffic information. This model will achieve cooperative computing and more accessible, flexible and reliable traffic information services.

Real-time mobile GIS applications, e.g. car navigation, need effective spatial data storage model fit for the mobile compute environment. Therefore, Physical Storage Format (PSF) is an important technical bottleneck of some real-time requirement such as map browsing, route planning, driver guidance, point of interesting (POI) search and 3D visualization. This paper proposes a new storage model based on mobile navigation application, named as Navigation Data Format (NDF). The NDF adopt multi-level model to organize spatial data (e.g. map of background) that has notable effect to reduce the memory cost of map browsing. The road network data of NDF is built based upon hierarchical topological structure which can support the speed-up way finding algorithm. The page frameworks of the NDF compared with current PSF, have introduced some new features. Firstly, NDF has good adaptability to various kinds of mobile computer environment. Secondly it provides facility for incremental update. Further, the NDF has been adopted as candidate national standard of China.

The paper describes the development of the WebGIS, discuss and analyses WebGIS framework based on open specifications and open source software, try to build Client-Server and Browser-Server hybrid web-based demographic information prototype system of Changzhou based on open source software, which is low-cost, system components, flexible on functional customization, simple to maintain and update, high performance, well interactive and integration.

This paper introduced a SQL level approach to resolve global spatial query in Web based heterogeneous distributed spatial database environment. The main prohibit of this SQL level approach was its widespread compatibility and standardization. Firstly, a SQL based Equivalent Distributed Program (EDP) was introduced to express distributed spatial processing transactions. Then global resource directories for virtual global view describing were discussed to organize information that resolving need. The contents of global resource directories included data storage directory, hosts directory and working status directory. With these mechanisms, relational algebra expression equivalence principles were utilized to resolve global spatial queries to EDPs. Finally, several samples were presented to show the process of resolving. This approach was suitable to all sorts of distributed computing environments either centralized such as CORBA or decentralized such as P2P computing platforms.

Virtual Geographical Environment (VGE) is increasingly important in current GIS area. A common trend in rendering VGE is to request more realistic images of complex three-dimensional geo-spatial models. Monte Carlo ray tracing based techniques are the only methods that can handle such complexity. Recent advances in algorithms and compute power has made Monte Carlo ray tracing the natural choice for most problems. This paper discusses the fundamental theories of Monte Carlo ray tracing method together with the implementation for applying Monte Carlo ray tracing to render VGEs, especially dealing with the construction of 3D triangle mesh models that usually be used in architecture modeling. By testing the performance of the algorithm, it is proved that Monte Carlo ray tracing method is suitable for VGE model rendering process, expecting more realistic effects than the conventional 3D rendering.

Spatial image browse and retrieval in spatial information system are based on centralized server. The limitations are obvious under a concurrent multi-users environment. P2P (Peer-to-Peer) approach takes full advantage of the resources and bandwidth among clients distributed around network in order to offload the centralized server and improve performance of delivery. This paper explores three key issues of forming a spatial image P2P network, the P2P network topology, the organization and identifier of spatial image and a content locating method based on spatial grid index. Then, we design an effective and reliable spatial image delivery system assisted by P2P networks. We have comparatively evaluated our design through requesting an image from World Wind server and our P2P network formed by World Wind clients, which shows a significant improvement of delivery speed.

Mobile navigation system based on handheld device can not only provide basic GIS services, but also enable these GIS services to be provided without location limit, to be more instantly interacted between users and devices. However, we still see that most navigation systems have common defects on user experience like limited map format, few map resources, and unable location share. To overcome the above defects, we propose DIY-style GIS service which provide users a more free software environment and allow uses to customize their GIS services. These services include defining geographical coordinate system of maps which helps to hugely enlarge the map source, editing vector feature, related property information and hotlink images, customizing covered area of download map via General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), and sharing users' location information via SMS (Short Message Service) which establishes the communication between users who needs GIS services. The paper introduces the integration of web and wireless GIS service in a mobile navigation system and presents an implementation sample of a DIY-Style GIS service in a mobile navigation system.

Geographically Encoded Objects RSS (GeoRSS) is a way to encode location in RSS feeds. RSS is a widely supported format for syndication of news and weblogs, and is extendable to publish any sort of itemized data. When Weblogs explode since RSS became new portals, Geo-tagged feed is necessary to show the location that story tells. Geographically Encoded Objects adopts the core of RSS framework, making itself the map annotations specified in the RSS XML format. The case studied illuminates that GeoRSS could be maximally concise in representation and conception, so it's simple to manipulate generation and then mashup GeoRSS feeds with Google Map through API to show the real estate information with other attribute in the information window. After subscribe to feeds of concerned subjects, users could easily check for new bulletin showing on map through syndication. The primary design goal of GeoRSS is to make spatial data creation as easy as regular Web content development. However, it does more for successfully bridging the gap between traditional GIS professionals and amateurs, Web map hackers, and numerous services that enable location-based content for its simplicity and effectiveness.

Based on the Agent-based Model and spatial data model, a tight-coupling integrating method of GIS and Agent-based Model (ABM) is to be discussed in this paper. The use of object-orientation for both spatial data and spatial process models facilitates their integration, which can allow exploration and explanation of spatial-temporal phenomena such as urban dynamic. In order to better understand how tight coupling might proceed and to evaluate the possible functional and efficiency gains from such a tight coupling, the agent-based model and spatial data model are discussed, and then the relationships affecting spatial data model and agent-based process models interaction. After that, a realistic crowd flow simulation experiment is presented. Using some tools provided by general GIS systems and a few specific programming languages, a new software system integrating GIS and MAS as a virtual laboratory applicable for simulating pedestrian flows in a crowd activity centre has been developed successfully. Under the environment supported by the software system, as an applicable case, a dynamic evolution process of the pedestrian's flows (dispersed process for the spectators) in a crowds' activity center - The Shanghai Stadium has been simulated successfully. At the end of the paper, some new research problems have been pointed out for the future.

This paper analyzed the type of work principles of the NAT server, and by using UDP Hole Punching and port speculation technology, a program was designed to penetrate the NAT server and direct communication among the intranet users was achieved. This paper also evaluated the communications among users in various types of NAT servers, and it showed a success rate of 95%. By analyzing the principles and setting rules of firewall, together with the application of HTTP tunnel, the designed procedures have penetrated the firewall to visite the user without lowering the security level of the system. The eventual establishment of communication modules facilitated the direct peer-to-peer GIS data transmission.

Augmented Reality (AR) is the overlay of virtual computer graphics images on real world objects, and has many potential applications in industrial operations and academic research. ARToolKit is a C and C++ language software library that allows programmers develop Augmented Reality applications easily. Since the registration method of ARToolKit is based on computer vision, ARToolKit is not suitable for outdoor environment. ARToolKit needs to be improved for outdoor augmented reality. Source code of ARToolkit is improved in this paper. The registration method of vision is kept down, and 3D Electronic compass+RTKGPS is added, so that the registration method of 3D can be carried out not only indoor environment, but also outdoor environment. The paper discusses the framework of outdoor 3D underground pipeline augmented reality system based on ARToolKit.

More and more geo-spatial information has been disseminated to the Internet based on WebGIS architecture. Some of these online mapping applications have already been widely used in recent years, such as Google map, MapQuest, go2map, mapbar. However, due to the limitation of web map technology and transmit speed of large geo-spatial data through the Internet, most of these web map systems employ (pyramid-indexed) raster map modeling technology. This method can shorten server's response time but largely reduces the flexibility and visualization effect of the web map provided. It will be difficult for them to adaptively change the map contents or map styles for variant user demands. This paper propose a new system architecture for adaptive web map service by integrating latest network technology and web map technology, such as SVG, Ajax, user modeling. Its main advantages include: Firstly, it is user customized. In this proposed map system, user can design the map contents, styles and interfaces online by themselves; secondly, it is more intelligent. It can record user interactive actions with the system, analyze user profiles, predict user behavior. User's interests will be obtained and tasks will be suggested based on different user models, which are generated from the system. For instance, if a new user login in, the nearest user model will be matched and some interactive suggestions will be provided by the system for the user. It is a more powerful and efficient way for spatial information sharing. This paper first discusses the main system architecture of adaptive spatial information service which consists of three parts: user layer, map application layer and database layer. User layer is distributed on client side which includes Web map (SVG) browser, map renderer and map visualization component. Application layer includes map application server, user interface generation, user analysis and user modeling, etc. Based on user models, map content, style and user interactive interface can be predicted and created to fit the user's interests. The database layer includes multi sources of database, such as thematic spatial database, User Generated Content (UGC) database and others. Secondly, the detailed technologies of main system components are discussed by the paper, such as user modeling, personal map generation, etc. Thirdly, adaptive map example is designed and implemented to illustrate the feasibility of the technical solution.

Virtual Geographic Environment has raised full concern as a kind of software information system that helps us understand and analyze the real geographic environment, and it has also expanded to application service system in distributed environment--distributed virtual geographic environment system (DVGE), and gets some achievements. However, limited by the factor of the mass data of VGE, the band width of network, as well as numerous requests and economic, etc. DVGE still faces some challenges and problems which directly cause the current DVGE could not provide the public with high-quality service under current network mode. The Rapid development of peer-to-peer network technology has offered new ideas of solutions to the current challenges and problems of DVGE. Peer-to-peer network technology is able to effectively release and search network resources so as to realize efficient share of information. Accordingly, this paper brings forth a research subject on Large-scale peer-to-peer network extension of DVGE as well as a deep study on network framework, routing mechanism, and DVGE data management on P2P network.

This paper describes a number of ways to encode spatiotemporal information in RSS feeds. As RSS becomes more and more prevalent as a way to publish and share information, it becomes increasingly important that location and time is described in an interoperable manner so that applications can request, aggregate, share and map spatiotemporally tagged feeds. This paper describes the GeoRSS model and encodings. With every RSS item has a timestamp, GeoRSS can represent time property for free. There are three GeoRSS encoding standards, such as W3C Geo, GeoRSS Simple, and GeoRSS GML profile. These standards differ in the number of coordinate systems they can support, and in the number of different geometric shapes they can add to the map to show where the news or event of interest is taking place. Further more, this paper described how to add time attribute to GeoRSS and implement and visualization the GeoRSS feeds through Google Map and Timeline. A few apt illustrations were given to show the powerful functions of GeoRSS in syndicating the spatiotemporal information. GeoRSS leverages this teeming ecosystem for geospatial technology, and with OGC support, GeoRSS is on firm conceptual ground and gains exposure across the industry.

After brief explanation of the origin of the grid, the author firstly points out the multi-resolution partition of geo-space, which is the basic issue of the specialized spatial information grid, relates to the globe directly as the region of interest expands. And the global grid system is an efficient way to solve problems on spheres. Secondly, the author introduces achievements on geospatial information global grid systems which based on both traditional geographic coordinate system and regular, multi-resolution partitions of polyhedra. At last, this author point out the problems that remains to be studied in this field.

Due to the complexity of geometry and topology in three dimensional (3D) spaces, complete description of true 3D objects could not be displaced by traditional 2D GIS in geology, mine, etc. The paper adopts the method of wire frame to construct 3D mine model, based on generalizing several theory and technique problems and thinking about the irregularity of mine. The method is founded on triangular, so it could depict mine flexibly and could calculate the normal vector of triangular constructed to approach the mine survey, which helps to generate illumination model. With the application of OpenGL graphical library, we suggest using the visualization technology in order to produce 3D mine model for geosciences analysis to simply the disposal of 3D model and increase the speed of visual.

A new methodology of mobile green spatial information service is studied based on grid computing environment. Key technologies are presented in the methodology, including grid computing, mobile agent (MA) distributed computing, global positioning system (GPS), code division multiple access (CDMA), transfer control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP), and user datagram protocol (UDP). In order to deal with the narrow bandwidth and instability of the wireless internet, limited processing speed and low memory of mobile devices, a new mobile agent based mobile green spatial information service grid model is further proposed that has good load balance, high processing efficiency, less network communication and thus suitable for mobile green spatial information service. It can provide applications of green spatial information grid computing and mobile service. The theories and technologies architecture of mobile green spatial information service grid are built originally from the base, including green spatial information mobile agent model, distributed green grid geographic information system (GIS) server model, mobile agent server model and mobile green GIS client model. An application system for mobile green spatial information service grid is therefore developed authorship by visual c++ and embedded visual c++. A field test is carried out through this system in Shanghai, and the results show that the proposed model and methods are feasible and adaptable for mobile green spatial information service.

Traditional GIS caused obstacles and inconveniences for sharing and services of global spatial information. In this paper, spatial information multi-grid (SIMG) is presented to institute a uniformed, rigorous, and continuous national spatial information infrastructure for national service. Firstly, its fundamental theories and key technologies are brief introduced. Then, this paper discusses its theoretical framework, notional model, data structure and relative methods designed for service. At last, a prototype system is cited to verify its feasibility and validity.

With the development of modern information technology, Telecommunication network, Computer network and TVBroadcast network are converging rapidly. And the three networks form the base of the modern information industry. Although this convergence is considered a support of all services, their convergence doesn't indicate that physical networks will integrate completely. No one of these networks can take the place of others. In fact, this concept inclines to the convergence of services and the infiltration of function among these three networks. This paper give a deep analysis about the characteristic of GIS in this convergenced environment, and discuss the difference compared with traditional WebGIS. Suppose iTV is the terminal service platform of the three networks' fusion, this paper make a discussion about frame and modules of this kind of GIS. The key techology about iTV-GIS includes embedded operation system, middleware and so on. Set-top box as the most important device to run iTV-GIS program has its particularity. A development phase in virtual mechine before hardware importing is necessary. Then a antetype design of iTV-GIS is given as an example at the end of this paper. This research is just a beginning for developmeing GIS on the platform of the three networks' convergence. The subjects mentoined in this paper is just one implement on iTV virual platform, but wish such attempt will bring GIS to a new circumstance, and supply some material for the research later.

This paper introduces the concept of grid computing and its characteristics. Basing on analyzing the characteristics of grid computing, we apply grid computing to GIS field to construct grid GIS, which is the application of grid computing on geographic information system with grid computing as the basic running environment. According to the architecture of grid and integrating the characteristics of GIS, we design the architecture of grid GIS, which has three layers. They are grid GIS resource layer, grid GIS middleware layer and grid GIS application layer. Among them, the grid GIS middleware layer is the most important. Then this paper expatiates on our research on grid GIS middleware, which is about the design and development of distributed cooperative computing GIS software. The key technologies of the distributed cooperative computing GIS software are discussed, which include technology of global spatial resource management, spatial data computing task allocation and management, system consistency mechanism and system security mechanism. The implementation process is also presented. At last, this paper presents the further researches of the distributed cooperative computing GIS software.

Real estate industry in Taiwan has been flourishing in recent years. To acquire various and abundant information of real estate for sale is the same goal for the consumers and the brokerages. Therefore, before looking at the property, it is important to get all pertinent information possible. Not only this beneficial for the real estate agent as they can provide the sellers with the most information, thereby solidifying the interest of the buyer, but may also save time and the cost of manpower were something out of place. Most of the brokerage sites are aware of utilizes Internet as form of media for publicity however; the contents are limited to specific property itself and the functions of query are mostly just provided searching by condition. This paper proposes a query interface on website which gives function of zone query by spatial analysis for non-GIS users, developing a user-friendly interface with ArcObject in VB6, and query by condition. The inquiry results can show on the web page which is embedded functions of Google Maps and the UrMap API on it. In addition, the demonstration of inquiry results will give the multimedia present way which includes hyperlink to Google Earth with surrounding of the property, the Virtual Reality scene of house, panorama of interior of building and so on. Therefore, the website provides extra spatial solution for query and demonstration abundant information of real estate in two-dimensional and three-dimensional types of view.

Daily works of Law Enforcement Bureau are crucial in the urban management. However, with the development of the city, the information and data which are relative to Law Enforcement Bureau's daily work are increasing and updating. The increasing data result in that some traditional work is limited and inefficient in daily work. Analyzing the demands and obstacles of Law Enforcement Bureau, the paper proposes a new method to solve these problems. A web-GIS based information management system was produced for Bureau of Law Enforcement for Urban Management of Foshan. First part of the paper provides an overview of the system. Second part introduces the architecture of system and data organization. In the third part, the paper describes the design and implement of functional modules detailedly. In the end, this paper is concluded and proposes some strategic recommendations for the further development of the system. This paper focuses on the architecture and implementation of the system, solves the developing issues based on ArcServer, and introduces a new concept to the local government to solve the current problems. Practical application of this system showed that it played very important role in the Law Enforcement Bureau's work.

With the development of information technology, application of WebGIS will make it possible to realize digitization and intellectualization in issuing and managing information of ecological function zoning. Firstly, this paper introduces the fundamental principles, basic methods and current situation of development and various support techniques about WebGIS. Secondly, the paper not only compares and analyzes the above methods but also discusses their applied prospect and feasibility in Web management. Finally, exemplified by Jiaozuo City, the paper puts forward an idea of design and a project of realization about the information system. In this research, the digital map and establishment of map database have been finished by MapInfo. Combining with some technical data of ecological environment of Jiaozuo City, the information of ecological environment resources is collected, stored, analyzed, calculated and displayed in the form of pictures and graphs on the WebGIS platform, which makes use of secondary development flat-MapXtreme for Java and some tools such as Java, JSP and JavaScript. Serve mode is adopted in the system which has realized the operating, inquiring of basic map and working out thematic map. By the finished system, it brings some references.

To disclose and display water information, a three-dimensional visualization system based on Virtual Reality (VR) and Internet is researched for demonstrating "digital water conservancy" application and also for routine management of reservoir. To explore and mine in-depth information, after completion of modeling high resolution DEM with reliable quality, topographical analysis, visibility analysis and reservoir volume computation are studied. And also, some parameters including slope, water level and NDVI are selected to classify easy-landslide zone in water-level-fluctuating zone of reservoir area. To establish virtual reservoir scene, two kinds of methods are used respectively for experiencing immersion, interaction and imagination (3I). First virtual scene contains more detailed textures to increase reality on graphical workstation with virtual reality engine Open Scene Graph (OSG). Second virtual scene is for internet users with fewer details for assuring fluent speed.

As an important development direction of GIS, Virtual Reality GIS was founded in 1950s. After 1990s, due to the fast development of its theory and the computer technology, Virtual Reality has been applied to many fields: military, aerospace, design, manufactory, information management, business, construction, city management, medical, education, etc.. The most famous project is the Virtual Los Angeles implemented by the Urban Simulation Team (UST) of UCLA. The main focus of the UST is a long-term effort to build a real-time Virtual Reality model of the entire Los Angeles basin for use by architects, urban planners, emergency response teams, and the government entities. When completed, the entire Virtual L.A. model will cover an area well in excess of 10000 square miles and will elegantly scale from satellite images to street level views accurate enough to allow the signs in the window of the shops and the graffiti on the walls to be legible. Till now, the virtual L.A. has been applied to urban environments and design analysis, transportation studies, historic reconstruction and education, etc. Compared to the early development abroad, the development of Virtual Reality GIS in China is relatively late. It is researched in some universities in early years. But recently, it has been attended by the populace and been used in many social fields: urban planning, environmental protection, historic protection and recovery, real estate, tourism, education etc.. The application of Virtual Reality in urban planning of Huangdao District, Qingdao City is introduced in this paper.

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a valid utility to solve the problem of heavy traffic and ensuring safety of traffic and transportation, especially in large city, e.g. Beijing. A WebGIS system functioning to provide real-time road condition information was developed in this paper. In order to ensure the logic and reliability of data management, a uniform GeoDatabase space database was established based on these three factors as below: the difference of travel volume in different time and road, real time dynamic updating traffic database, and the traffic space dataset in Beijing. In this GeoDatabase the right connectivity of multi-layer data was investigated. In the shortest road search routine, some parameters, such as traffic flow and the length of cond path, which may be concerned by many users, were used as weights to determinate an optimal road. The dynamic updating data could be stored in the database in the format of GeoDatabase, the quantitive research to determine the optimal weight coefficient of travel carrying capacity could be available through proper traffic model and real time dynamic updating data. Besides, the final traffic model would be formed considering the length of optimal path. This intelligent transportation WebGIS inquiry system is developed on base of Visual Studio.NET and Arcgis Server platform. The system would publish data through Web server and supply clients with the service to inquire the real time optimal travel path in Beijing.

How to apply natural language and speech technology is one of the important contents that increase the intelligent degree of mobile GIS and improve its serving system. From system structure and application demand of mobile GIS, this paper basically explained the application objective and key techniques of speech and natural language in mobile GIS, discussed the multi application modes of speech and natural language that includes the centralized mode and the distributed mode, the perfect natural language mode, the human-computer conversation mode and the mixed mode among them, the speaker-dependent mode and the speaker- independent mode. Finally some primary application methods, about how to adopt these speech application modes in mobile GIS, were synoptically analyzed.

Geo-referenced data visualization is one of the most important components of geographic information systems. Over the past several years, geospatial data are growing much more in size and complexity than ever before, and researchers are engaged in doing a lot of works to visualize these diverse geospatial data by taking advantage of computer graphics which helps to convey information and amplify cognition and makes possible for more powerful participating exploration and discovery experience. This paper will discuss the related works on visualization for GIS. The first chapter of this paper is an introduction which will present an overview. In the second chapter, we will talk about the geo-virtual environment which closely related to the virtual reality concept. We will focus on representation of urban models, terrain rendering algorithms, and the problems we currently face. For the third part, we will talk about two young but promising fields, which are scientific visualization and information visualization. The brief history and the research issues of these two disciplines will be the main topic. Finally, we will make a outlook on the future works about human-computer interaction, and hardware acceleration.

This paper explores a series of methods and models of urban land demand forecast, and these methods and models were dived into the urban land quantitative forecast and urban land pattern forecast two types. In this instance, we designed a model base system framework, including the following steps: data processing, forecasting, forecast type select, forecast way select, model checking and multi-schema evaluation, results output. On the basis of the basic flow, object-oriented analysis technique was adopted for the developments of prediction models and prediction flow, and then a model base system with discreteness characteristic were produced, which was extendable and reusable. Finally, based on Web Service technique, we designed urban land demand model base system framework, which provides an integration scheme for the GIS service and application services.

Over the past decade, GIS technologies have evolved from the traditional model of stand-alone systems to an increasingly distributed model based on independently provided, specialized, interoperable GIS Web services. But traditional GIS Web services adopt RPC-based interaction model, this model is not appropriate for the scalability of the GIS, thus restricts universal application and further development of GIS Web services. REST is an approach for getting information content from a Web site by reading a designated Web page that contains an XML file that describes and includes the desired content. REST ignores the details of component implementation and protocol syntax in order to focus on the roles of components, the constraints upon their interaction with other components, and their interpretation of significant data elements. Based on the analysis of the characteristics and the defects of the traditional interaction model and the comparison between the traditional model and REST-based interaction model, this paper discusses a development direction of GIS Web services interaction model.

A VideoGIS system aims at integrating WebGIS with streaming media technologies to provide a more comprehensive understanding about a spatial location. Video data is delay-sensitive. Streaming media technology is able to satisfy high quality of the multimedia video transmission demands. An Internet-based VideoGIS system can provide not only traditional map service, but also location-based streaming media service. This paper describes a novel Internet-based VideoGIS model constituted with map and streaming servers. Map Server provides map and data services such as map display and query. Streaming media server can provide location-based video living services and video on demand services such as video information capture, coding, transmission, publication and rendering. They are integrated into Web server which handles requests, responses from the user end and sends back data results including geographic information and real-time video streaming on the spatial location of interest.

The development of current GIS technology has evolved from single platform GIS system into WebGIS. However, The Geographic Information Services (GIServices) provision and application manner cannot meet the requirement of pervasive computing environment. Jini/JAVA technique, a dynamic distributed architecture for providing spontaneous network of services, might be a tool/solution to improve the GIService performance of current WebGIS. This paper studies and analyses Jini infrastructure and its dynamic service mechanism, designs a new WebGIS architecture with Jini-based dynamic service model. The experiment shows that Jini technique can be integrated into WebGIS and to realize the dynamic services organization and management.

The pollution of urban electromagnetic radiation has become more serious, however, there is still lack of a perfect and interactive User System to manage, analyze and issue the information. In this study, taking the electromagnetic environment of Nanjing as an example, an information system based on WebGIS with the techniques of ArcIMS and JSP has been developed, in order to provide the services and technique supports for information query of public and decision making of relevant departments.

This paper is mainly talking about 2D electronic map and 3D virtual scene. It points out the bottlenecks of the network data transmission in the integration process of 2D electronic map and 3D virtual scene in the network environment. Especially,it puts emphasis on the solutions of network transmission bottlenecks and the model data simplification such as multi-level storage of spatial data, network data stream compression, organic combination of vector data and raster data, texture modeling and the prototype modelbase etc. The integration architecture of 2D electronic map and 3D virtual scene is based on the 3D common modeling of the spatial data. In addition, the paper, from the point of view based on a system, discusses the communication method of each module after integration in network environment. Finally, it lays out prospects of 2D electronic map and 3D virtual scene integration.

As the major eligible land use activities in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), afforestation and reforestation offer opportunities and potential economic benefits for developing countries to participate in carbon-trade in the potential international carbon (C) sink markets. However, the design and selection of appropriate afforestation and reforestation locations in CDM are complex processes which need integrated assessment (IA) of C sequestration (CS) potential, environmental effects, and socio-economic impacts. This paper promotes the consideration of CS benefits in local land use planning and presents a GIS-based integrated assessment and spatial decision support system (IA-SDSS) to support decision-making on 'where' and 'how' to afforest. It integrates an Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Model (InTEC) and a GIS platform for modeling regional long-term CS potential and assessment of geo-referenced land use criteria including CS consequence, and produces ranking of plantation schemes with different tree species using the Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. Three land use scenarios are investigated: (i) traditional land use planning criteria without C benefits, (ii) land use for CS with low C price, and (iii) land use for CS with high price. Different scenarios and consequences will influence the weights of tree-species selection in the AHP decision process.

The paper describes a method to analysis features of residential living space which is defined by spatial accessibility rather than spatial distance. The method uses cost distance analyst in GIS to drive the accessibility calculations. By using a cost map which reflects traffic conditions and physical environmental conditions such as water fields and roads, a cost distance map is generated for each residential land block which acts as a source. The cost distance maps are reclassified into several classes where we use 5min, 15min and 30min as time cost margins. Statistics of land use status in different classes of areas for each residential land block are made and analyzed. By clustering with the statistic results and GIS visualization, spatial distribution patterns of residential living space have been found. Comparing to spatial distances, spatial accessibilities need more computation power but the improvements are significant. Not only sizes of accessibility scopes have their spatial distribution patterns, but the amount of primary land types in the scopes has a relationship with certain properties of the very land block. By using land use data of Shanghai, China, the effectiveness of the method is tested and confirmed.

This paper made analysis on status and development of land and resources management information system construction, then made out the necessary of county level land and resources management information construction. It focused on the methods and frame of system construction and the essential technology. The conclusion of this paper is that to establish a uniform system construction platform and data standard will help the information construction of county level land and resources departments develop well.

The Optimum location of urban land is considered as an important issue of urban land intensive use. How to establish a technology road to realize this spatial location, objectively and quantitatively, has been the focus of current studies on urban land intensive use. During the summary of related studies at home and abroad, we try to establish the theory, methodology and quantitative technology of land intensive and optimum location. We hope to offer guidance to administrators from department of land management or urban planning for a land intensive use scheme which makes all goal optimum. The successful application of methodology and theory was developed in this study to Wuzhong.

With the far and wide applications of Location-Based Services (LBS), the call for more semantic and accurate services is emerging. From a semantic viewpoint, the major characteristic of, and challenge for, LBS is the fact that they serve as mediator between a possibly unknown user and possibly a priori unknown services. While some geographic information technology standards provide the basis for syntactic interoperability, they do not yet provide methods for dealing with problems of semantic heterogeneity. In this paper we design ontologies for LBS which are used for the identification and association of semantically corresponding concepts to overcome the semantic problems. In order to better understand the semantic content of the data in LBS, we analyze several elements both data and services involved. Then, we model these data and services in a way that captures their peculiarities and allows their sharing between users and services and exchange among different LBS, when desired. For this, we use the Protégé-OWL plug-in for creating hybrid hierarchy of ontologies to enhance the semantic content both the user information and the services have. To argue about the design choices and show their applicability, we present a simple example from a characteristic real world application.

Current governmental applications are of large scale and always compute-intensive and data-intensive, and we focus on introducing P2P computing to facilitate loose coupled governmental applications in this paper. As GIS data is always deposited in locationally distributed nodes, which are probably administrated under spatial databases, the global range is divided into regions to eliminate complicated consistency maintenance and unnecessary message exchanging, and hierarchical spatial indexes are designed for efficient locating spatial resources and low control cost. When executing, a user submitted global spatial query are firstly parsed to sequential subtasks refer to distributed spatial index, and then dynamically passed to appropriate nodes and cooperatively accomplished. Nodes intercommunicate by cooperating messages, which are sent directly to the destination. Besides collaboration process of sequential execution, a dynamic alternative participant approach for failure handling of the sequential execution is provided, which saves the expensive rollback or abort. And this paper also designed and implemented a p2p based loose governmental application prototype, in which nodes intercommunicate via p2p network sub layer, also a user interface is implemented to manage the request from user and eventually reply a result.

In this study, we took the cultivated land of Shaoshan county in hilly area of south China as the study area, researched on defining a certain range of land consolidation with support of Geographic Information System (GIS) and visualization technology. It was carried out by four steps. First, we distinctly established the database of land use, terrain and Remote Sensing (RS) image. Second, we extracted the cultivated land data from the land use database, overlaid and analyzed it with the slope, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the buffer of water source, the buffer of rural residential land. Third, we defined the principles of land consolidation, under these principle we defined the location and area of the certain range of land consolidation. At last, we eliminated the plots that were too small or separate to consolidate to high quality cultivated land. The results provided us reasonable basis for the land consolidation of hilly area of south China.

GIS has wider and wider applications. The application in the field of administrative management and assistant decision-making have formed a specific research area--the government GIS. As an information industry with great sociality, GIS and its development are influenced by many technical factors and social factors. As for the government GIS in China, the social factors often play a more important role in it. A description of the current development status of the government GIS, both in China and abroad, was made in this paper. After the description, researchers pointed out the deficiency of Chinese government GIS. On the basis of this, the rational suggestion of government GIS in China were put forward at last.

With the rapid development of forest tourism, it is crucial to coordinate the conflicting goals of a forest park by making a scientific plan. It is difficult to determine the complex relationship by means of traditional laboratory and field experiments on the scale of landscape. Zijin Mountain national forest park is taken as a case study area, while RS and GIS software ERDAS 8.7, ArcGis 9.0 are chosen as the spatial platforms of doing scenario planning. Three different periods remote sensing data in the years of 2000 (IKNOS), 2002(SPOT5), 2004 ( QuickBird ) are gathered, then supervised classification, neighborhood analysis are being done before three scenarios of national park in ten years are built based on Cellular Automation Model (CAM). Three spatial pattern index of mean patch area, shape index, patch density of each scenario are calculated by using the spatial pattern analysis program of Fragstats 3.3. After comparison of the three scenarios from two aspects of landscape spatial pattern and protection goals, an optimized planning is made and compared with the land classes in 2002. In the end of the paper, some problems concerned with the scenario making are discussed.

This paper analyzes the necessity and feasibility of the supervision of special equipment security. The emergency solution of special equipment security system aims to integrate the emergency response department, such as police security, fire control, first aid, and traffic police and so on, to conduct the disaster rescue jointly under the command of the government departments. China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Center launched a GIS based system that manages the special equipment security. It designs the database, software and hardware structure, and functional module of the emergency solution of special equipment security based on WebGIS and GPS techniques. This paper analyzes three key issues of this system is explosion model, security patrol vehicles and special vehicles GPS positioning and special equipment monitoring. This system uses the information sharing technology based on Web Service. Transplanting GIS to Internet, designs special equipment spatial data WebGIS web site. B/S architecture is used in the system, and the software SuperMap IS Java of SuperMap Company is used as the GIS server for the spatial data publishing. This system also contains a PDA platform that provide for fieldwork.

Hundreds of cities have built comprehensive pipeline information system. However it is very difficult to guarantee data update and many demanders are difficult to access these databases. A new pipeline informatization framework is put forward to solve these problems.

With the increasing of business requirement of urban planning bureau, co-edit function is needed urgently, however conventional GIS are not support this. In order to overcome this limitation, a new kind urban ¹planning management system with co-edit function is needed. Such a system called PM2006 has been used in Suzhou Urban Planning Bureau. PM2006 is introduced in this paper. In this paper, four main issues of Co-edit system--consistency, responsiveness time, data recoverability and unconstrained operation--were discussed. And for these four questions, resolutions were put forward in paper. To resolve these problems of co-edit GIS system, a data model called FGDB (File and ESRI GeoDatabase) that is mixture architecture of File and ESRI Geodatabase was introduced here. The main components of FGDB data model are ESRI versioned Geodatabase and replicated architecture. With FGDB, client responsiveness, spatial data recoverability and unconstrained operation were overcome. In last of paper, MapServer, the co-edit map server module, is presented. Main functions of MapServer are operation serialization and spatial data replication between file and versioned data.

The technology of artificial intelligence should be imported on the basis of the geographic information system to bring up the spatial decision-supporting system (SDSS). The paper discusses the structure of SDSS, after comparing the characteristics of RBR and CBR, the paper brings up the frame of a spatial decisional system that combines RBR and CBR, which has combined the advantages of them both. And the paper discusses the CBR in agriculture spatial decisions, the application of ANN (Artificial Neural Network) in CBR, and enriching the inference rule base based on association rules, etc. And the paper tests and verifies the design of this system with the examples of the evaluation of the crops' adaptability.

As web-GIS is more and more widely used in DSS system, more emphases are put on the information sharing and interaction between distributed applications. This paper suggests a CSCW structure based on SOA to provide decision support in distributed environment. This technique focuses on data sharing, knowledge sharing, knowledge storing, and knowledge based decision support service. As illustrated in the last chapter, it works effectively and stably, forming a cooperative model for DSS in distributed environment.

"Gugong Date Garden", lies in Juguan Village, Qijiawu County, Huanghua City, China. It is the largest forest of winter date in this world, which is the longest in history, largest in area and best in quality and it is also included in the first group of national main protected units of botanic cultural relics. However, it is lacking of uniform management platform and modes. According to the specific characteristics of botanic cultural relics preservation, the author sets up the "Plant Treasure Management Information System" for "Gugong Date Garden", based on the Geographic information system (GIS), Internet, database and virtual reality technologies, along with the idea of modern customer management systems. This system is designed for five types of users, named system administrators, cultural relic supervisors, researchers, farmers and tourists, with the aim of realizing integrated managements of ancient trees' protection, scientific researches, tourism and explorations altogether, so as to make better management, protection, and utilizations.

The land-use suitability mapping and analysis is one of the most useful applications of GIS for planning and management. There are four objectives of this paper: (a) to present a historical overview of methods and techniques of GIS-based land-use suitability analysis, (b) to overview multi-criteria synthetically overlay land-use evaluation models, (c) to discuss GIS-based land-use evaluation system, (d) to identify the trends, challenges and prospects of GIS-based land-use suitability analysis. There are two focused perspectives of GIS-based land-use suitability analysis in the paper, the techno-positivist perspective and the socio-political, public participation perspectives. It is organized into six chapters. Chapter 1 defines land-use suitability analysis, and provides an introduction to GIS-based land-use suitability analysis along with a historical perspective. Chapter 2 gives an overview of the development of methods and techniques of GIS-based land-use suitability analysis. The multi-criteria synthetically overlay land-use analysis models is discussed in chapter 3. Chapter 4 offers GIS-based land-use evaluation system. Chapter 5 introduces expert systems for GIS-based land-use suitability evaluation. The concluding chapter summarizes the main points of the papers and discusses problems and prospects from GIS-based land-use suitability analysis. Along with the in-depth development of land research and the constant advancement of GIS technology, GIS-based land-use suitability analysis will toward greater depth.

The quantitative evaluation of economic feasibility and eco-environmental impact of land consolidation can't be achieved by the conventional evaluation methods which lack of a comprehensive consideration of regional diversity. With the help of spatial analysis and data management, which are the fundamental functions of GIS, this paper provides a new method to perform the quantitative evaluation of the implementation conditions, the expected economic returns and the eco-environmental impact of land consolidation, and to establish a new evaluation system for the interrelation among the three of them in Shashan city, Hunan province. The economic feasibility and eco-environmental impact of each evaluation unit are comprehensively considered. The results of the evaluation can provide information for the site-choosing, the investment estimate, the benefit evaluation and the project management of land consolidation. The results of the evaluation can also provide useful advices for the design and the implementation of land consolidation.

Regional disparity of economic development in China is always greatly concerned by investigators domestic and abroad, and sets of models have been used in the analysis. Spatial dependence, which is hidden in the data with spatial attributes, usually is not taken into account in classical statistics methods, such as ordinary linear regression(OLR) model. Along with the development of spatial statistics, more and more attentions are paid on spatial interactions between observations in the study of regional disparity. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) is a simple but effective model to recognize spatial variation and local difference, which considers the influence of the spatially non-stationarity of the variables. In this study, GWR model and Geo-Informatic Tupu were used to analyze the disparity of regional economic development in China, taking GDP per capita in 1999 and 2003 as a case, which is usually used to measure level of economic development. GDP per capita in the 338 cities in 1999 were selected to simulate GDP per capita in 2003 and to analysis non-stationarity of the growth of GDP per capita. Using Geo-Informatic Tupu, A series of maps were processed to display patterns of local parameter estimates, such as local r-squares, the residual sum of squares, local residual and so on, to gain a better understanding of the degree of spatial non-stationarity in a relationship over space. We tested for geographic heterogeneity in the parameters and compare them to estimates obtained from global regression approaches. The results suggested there was heterogeneity in the regression coefficients across broad regions of China, and a one-size fits all approach to describe growth processes appeared simplistic. The GWR model improved over the OLR model, and it was able to better explain the variation in the data and to simulate GDP per capita with smaller errors than the OLR models.

The new economic geography theory suggests that regional development is strongly dependent on market access. Due to a snowball effect, spatial clusters of employment and firms might induce regional income increases. In order to identify explicit patterns of regional development, this study makes the empirical attempts by applying spatial association methods for estimating and distinguishing various spatial patterns of economic activities for three county-level factors, namely income, employment and firms of Jiangsu in 2004. The conclusions in this study reveal that on the whole, there is significant, positive correlation of income, employment and firms between regions over the whole space in that year. Moreover, regional income can be to a large extent explained by the market potentials of its neighbors. Apart from market access, regional incomes might be affected by other factors such as local amenities or technology spillover. Also, highly agglomerated clusters of employment and firms give rise to high regional incomes. Strong spatial heterogeneity of employment and firms indicates that firms locate first, anticipating the subsequent consumers' locations and demand functions. Thus, the mobility of firms and employment can induce the highly agglomeration of income.

Land reclamation of mining area is an interdisciplinary. The data to be dealt with involves the fields of mining, geology, geography, soil, agriculture and forest, biology, society, economy, etc, with the characteristic of plenty of data and complicated relationship. The traditional data processing cannot meet the demand of land reclamation. The research is based on the result of prevenient scholars to further study the application of GIS. In the paper, the connotation and functions of Land reclamation system is mainly explained, and data organizing pattern is systematically analyzed based on MapX and Oracle Spatial, then a new method based on GIS and CA is putting forward to simulate the distribution of digging area and filling area on the condition of the earthwork balance, finally a reclamation land use mode of rational proportion and layout is set up based on analyzing methods of GIS and the optimizing method of GA. The research can provide a useful tool for land reclamation management and decision-making.

It is important to make decisions on how to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) to China and know how the inequality of FDI introduction by locational different provinces. Following background descriptions on China's FDI economic environments and FDI-related policies, this paper demonstrates the uses of geographical information system (GIS) and multi-criterion decision-making (MCDM) framework in solving a spatial multi-objective problem of evaluating and ranking China's provinces for FDI introduction. It implements a foreign direct investment decision support system, which reveals the main determinants of FDI in China and gives some results of regional geographical analysis over spatial data.

With the development of university and its size enlarging, kinds of resource need to effective management urgently. Spacial database is the right tool to assist administrator's spatial decision. And it's ready for digital campus with integrating existing OMS. It's researched about the campus planning in detail firstly. Following instanced by south china agriculture university it is practiced that how to build the geographic database of the campus building and house for university administrator's spatial decision.

The government of nearly every country have responsibility for administering the affairs of preventing and reducing the natural disasters. The geospatial character and positional connection of natural disasters information makes the geospatial information and GIS technology play a key role in government affairs increasingly. Based on project implementation and study of developing science and technology concerning reducing and preventing disasters in China, the paper is mainly on the comprehensive study of requirements analysis,construction pattern, primary assignments, main functions, important application and methods of Spatial Information Service System for Government Administration of Natural Disaster.

In this paper, we use value chain and strategic alliance theories to analyzing the surveying and mapping Industry and enterprises. The value chain of surveying and mapping enterprises is highly-contacted but split by administrative interference, the enterprises are common small scale. According to the above things, we consider that establishing a nonequity- Holding strategic alliance based on value chain is an available way, it can not only let the enterprises share the superior resources in different sectors of the whole value chain each other but avoid offending the interests of related administrative departments, by this way, the surveying and mapping enterprises gain development respectively and totally. Then, we give the method to building up the strategic alliance model through parting the value chain and the using advantage of companies in different value chain sectors. Finally, we analyze the internal rule of strategic alliance and prove it is a suitable way to realize the development of surveying and mapping enterprises through game theory.

Niche is proposed as the quantitative indicator of land resource optimal allocation, and the land use niches are designed including natural niche, social niche, economic niche and synthesis niche, meanwhile the methods of quantitative survey are worked out. The model of land resource optimal allocation model is constructed based on the land use niches. Then a case study is implemented by taken Huangpi district Wuhan city as the test region, where the procedure of land resource optimal allocation is discussed, which results demonstrate the validity of the model.

Nowadays, urban system has increasingly become more complex in spatial context with impressive distributed features. Urban design highlights the challenge encountered in delivering context sensitive solutions in aspects of planning and development process in dense environment. Since traditional techniques in Geographic Information System only allow participants to scheme with sketches, such three-dimensional or even four-dimensional urban space would be rarely improved on the two-dimensional medium. The high-resolution three-dimensional city models have been emerged from a growing awareness focused on strategic plans. This paper aims at bringing discussion into the development of algorithmic research and applications of three-dimensional city models in three aspects: (i) techniques and features in urban Geographic Information System are briefly outlined; (ii) an effective framework on the research and applications of three-dimensional city models is systematically introduced; (iii) advices to benefiting urban planning based on three-dimensional dynamic virtual environment are definitely stated. In a word, the potential will make efforts in urban design with photorealistic representation of urban area significantly.

In China, the protection of prime farmland is a national policy of eminent importance. From an analytical perspective, its central mission, designating qualified cultivated land as prime farmland, is a comprehensive multi-attribute ranking problem. The paper first analyzed the shortcomings of the existent methods, and then proposed a spatial clustering method for prime farmland designation. The main processes were as follows: (1) Building of index system of prime farmland delimiting; (2) Evaluation of index weights according to expert knowledge; (3) Partition of study area on account of the accuracy. Data of elliptical regions that was preprocessed was put into model of spatial clustering. (4) The land parcels in same cluster is combined into larger units, ranking the result units by holistic productivity level, and selecting the super units which meet the requirement of prime farmland, finally modulating the result according to the correlated policy. The final result can be acquired. Take Jiyang County, Shandong, as a study area, the research showed that the model of selecting cultivated land into prime farmland by GA-K means spatial clustering can effectively solve the existing problems. The prime farmlands were obviously more concentrative, the isolated land parcel fragments were removed effectively, and spatial gathering level was enhanced remarkably. All that makes it a scientifically sound and practically feasible tool to protect and manage prime farmland, and monitor the prime farmland, and realize the aim of scientific and scale management.

A division route planning algorithm for the shortest distance is proposed in the paper. The algorithm promotes searching efficiency and shortens calculating time. This paper first introduces the division road network which is different from traditional road network. The division road network model divide a road network into several division road networks. Vehicle navigation system can be accomplished in these division road networks. These division road networks are connected by TransferNodes and TransferLinks which are defined in ISO 19133 and extended in the division road network model. These division road networks can combine into an integrated road network or be divided further. Topology relationship of the road network is still integrated. The division route planning algorithm for the shortest distance is based on the division road network. The division route planning algorithm constructs the division searching strategy to shorten the route planning time by dividing the road network. A practical application example of the algorithm in real-time vehicle navigation systems is given. And the experimental results show that the result is correct and the time for calculating the shortest path between two arbitrary points within the road network can be shortened efficiently.

During the process of informatization, there produces a great deal of information resources. In order to manage these information resources and use them to serve the management of business, government decision and public life, it is necessary to establish a transparent and dynamic information resource catalog and its service system. This paper takes the land-house management information resource for example. Aim at the characteristics of this kind of information, this paper does classification, identification and description of land-house information in an uniform specification and method, establishes land-house information resource catalog classification system&, metadata standard, identification standard and land-house thematic thesaurus, and in the internet environment, user can search and get their interested information conveniently. Moreover, under the network environment, to achieve speedy positioning, inquiring, exploring and acquiring various types of land-house management information; and satisfy the needs of sharing, exchanging, application and maintenance of land-house management information resources.

Fire safety is an important issue for the national economy and people's living. Efficiency and exactness of fire department succor directly relate to safety of peoples' lives and property. Many disadvantages of the traditional fire system have been emerged in practical applications. The preparation of pumpers is guided by wireless communication or wire communication, so its real-time and accurate performances are much poorer. The information about the reported fire, such as the position, disaster and map, et al., for alarm and command was processed by persons, which slows the reaction speed and delays the combat opportunity. In order to solve these disadvantages, it has an important role to construct a modern fire command center based on high technology. The construction of modern fire command center can realize the modernization and automation of fire command and management. It will play a great role in protecting safety of peoples' lives and property. The center can enhance battle ability and can reduce the direct and indirect loss of fire damage at most. With the development of science technology, Geographic Information System (GIS) has becoming a new information industry for hardware production, software development, data collection, space analysis and counseling. With the popularization of computers and the development of GIS, GIS has gained increasing broad applications for its strong functionality. Network analysis is one of the most important functions of GIS, and the most elementary and pivotal issue of network analysis is the calculation of shortest paths. The shortest paths are mostly applied to some emergent systems such as 119 fire alarms. These systems mainly require that the computation time of the optimal path should be 1-3 seconds. And during traveling, the next running path of the vehicles should be calculated in time. So the implement of the shortest paths must have a high efficiency. In this paper, the component GIS technology was applied to collect and record the data information (such as, the situation of this disaster, map and road status et al) of the reported fire firstly. The ant colony optimization was used to calculate the shortest path of fire succor secondly. The optimization results were sent to the pumpers, which can let pumpers choose the shortest paths intelligently and come to fire position with least time. The programming method for shortest paths is proposed in section 3. There are three parts in this section. The elementary framework of the proposed programming method is presented in part one. The systematic framework of GIS component is described in part two. The ant colony optimization employed is presented in part three. In section 4, a simple application instance was presented to demonstrate the proposed programming method. There are three parts in this section. The distributed Web application based on component GIS was described in part one. The optimization results without traffic constraint were presented in part two. The optimization results with traffic constraint were presented in part three. The contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows. (1) It proposed an effective approach for shortest paths in fire succor based on component GIS technology. This proposed approach can achieve the real-time decisions of shortest paths for fire succor. (2) It applied the ant colony optimization to implement the shortest path decision. The traffic information was considered in the shortest path decision using ant colony optimization. The final application instance suggests that the proposed approach is feasible, correct and valid.

The present object-oriented model representing way have not fully addressed the issues of model inheritance for general users, increase the difficulty of maintenance and model composition, and make the interrelation among models more complex. This paper aims to make improvement in model presenting way and put forward a new model-base system frame, which can implement model inheritance for general users and its data and method are thought separately of as descriptive model (DM) and operative model (OM). The definition of operative model and descriptive ones, model representing way, correlation and how to ensure their consistency and inter-dependency were discussed in detail. Based on the frame, our group developed STA-MMS which can be incorporated into other decision support system (DSS) to manage models and to help users to build new models by reusing existing model resources in the system without modifying code. The architecture of STA-MMS system and its essential functions are defined. Procedures for model generalization, representation and composition are developed according to object-oriented concepts and methods. Finally, we examine how STA-MMS and its associated procedures and techniques are implemented in a prototype StaGIS to facilitate the construction, retrieval and execution of analytical models in the statistic analyzing process.

The allocation of construction land is an important task in land-use planning. Whether implementation of planning decisions is a success or not, usually depends on a reasonable and scientific distribution method. Considering the constitution of land-use planning system and planning process in China, multiple levels and multiple objective decision problems is its essence. Also, planning quantity decomposition is a two-level system optimization problem and an optimal resource allocation decision problem between a decision-maker in the topper and a number of parallel decision-makers in the lower. According the characteristics of the decision-making process of two-level decision-making system, this paper develops an optimal allocation model of construction land based on two-level linear planning. In order to verify the rationality and the validity of our model, Baoan district of Shenzhen City has been taken as a test case. Under the assistance of the allocation model, construction land is allocated to ten townships of Baoan district. The result obtained from our model is compared to that of traditional method, and results show that our model is reasonable and usable. In the end, the paper points out the shortcomings of the model and further research directions.