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Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) have attracted a great deal of interest in the past few years as alternative materials for plasmonics in the near-infrared region. In contradistinction to noble metals, TCOs such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) display a vast tunability of their optical and electronic properties via doping and electric bias. The possibility of actively switching between a low-loss dielectric regime and a high-absorption plasmonic regime has been exploited for the design and realization of ultra-compact electro-absorption modulators, as well as for the proposal of novel multimode modulator architectures. At the heart of the applications outlined before is the electron accumulation layer that is created at the interface between a TCO layer and an insulator under appropriate electric bias. Here a rigorous study of the electromagnetic characteristics of these electron accumulation layers is presented. The unique modal properties of these systems that emerge as a consequence of the graded nature of their permittivity profiles are highlighted. The concept of Accumulation-layer Surface Plasmons is introduced and the conditions for the existence or for the suppression of surface-wave eigenmodes are analyzed.
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Alessandro Salandrino, E. Alexander Ramos, "Accumulation layer surface plasmons," Proc. SPIE 10719, Metamaterials, Metadevices, and Metasystems 2018, 107191Q (19 September 2018); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2320615