To fully unlock the capacity of engineered optical media, metadevices and metasystems are exploited with progressively greater complexity, including those with arbitrarily complicated topology, spatially variant building blocks, and multi-layered configurations. The astronomical degrees of freedom associated with such structures have obstructed effective design of them based on the conventional wisdom. Here we present a series of machine learning frameworks, consolidating deep neural networks, evolutionary strategy, and advanced patter generation methods for the inverse design of meta-structures in response to on-demand optical properties, with extensive case studies for multiplexed wavefront control, holography, and optical computing.
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