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The incorporation of an immunologic adjuvant to enhance the immune response is a standard practice for modern vaccines. In the past decade, researchers have consistently reported a new approach to augment the immune response to vaccine by brief treatment of the skin with laser light without appreciable adverse effects. To date, four classes of laser adjuvant have been established. Amongst these, pulsed and non-pulsed laser adjuvant merit further development because of their established efficacy and safety in animal models. Such a technology offers a valuable choice of immunologic adjuvant for accelerated vaccine development against emerging infectious diseases including COVID-19.
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Satoshi Kashiwagi, "Near-infrared laser adjuvant for mass vaccination," Proc. SPIE 11643, Biophotonics and Immune Responses XVI, 116430E (5 March 2021); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2583904