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Shape recognition for arbitrarily shaped objects is a very difficult problem in machine vision and in remote sensing. The radiometric technique described can be used for arbitrary illumination and detection coordinates to obtain surface shape. Using a high resolution CCD-based imager, the local surface curvature is shown to produce significant changes in the detected signal-to-noise ratio, sufficient to reconstruct the object piece-wise continuous shape from the object slope as a function of the projected pixel position. The technique is applied to remote sensing for digital map generation and obstacle shape determination to avoid hazards for autonomous vehicles.
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Marija S. Scholl, "Shape estimation for arbitrary objects," Proc. SPIE 1615, Machine Vision Architectures, Integration, and Applications, (1 March 1992); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.58820