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Intense visible to uv up-conversion emission is observed in Er3+ doped crystals of CsMgCl3, CsMgBr3 and CsCdBr3 when the 4S3/2 (E), 2H11/2 (F) and 4F7/2 (G) states of Er3+ are pumped. The host crystals are of CsNiCl3 type which exhibit a linear chain structure. These hosts incorporate trivalent rare earth ions such as Er3+ to form a M3+-vacancy-M3+ pair center. When both ions in an Er3+-vacancy-Er3+ center are simultaneously excited an efficient energy transfer occurs between Er3+ ions.
Alireza Gharavi andGary L. McPherson
"Multiple-pair upconversion in Er3+-doped crystals of CsMgCl3, CsMgBr3, and CsCdBr3", Proc. SPIE 1863, Growth, Characterization, and Applications of Laser Host and Nonlinear Crystals II, (21 July 1993); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.149268
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Alireza Gharavi, Gary L. McPherson, "Multiple-pair upconversion in Er3+-doped crystals of CsMgCl3, CsMgBr3, and CsCdBr3," Proc. SPIE 1863, Growth, Characterization, and Applications of Laser Host and Nonlinear Crystals II, (21 July 1993); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.149268