Optical Systems and Processes

Author(s): Joseph Shamir

Published: 1999

PDF ISBN: 9780819478474 | Print ISBN: 9780819432261

DESCRIPTION

A concise, comprehensive reference text covering electro-optical systems, optical system design, optical physics, holography, Fourier optics, and optical metrology. It emphasizes physical insight aimed at engineering applications. This book is suitable as an advanced undergraduate or graduate level text; problems and solutions are included.

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Front Matter

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CHAPTER 1.

Introduction

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CHAPTER 2.

Review of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

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2.1 Wavefronts
2.2 Phase velocity and the speed
2.3 Power and intensity
2.4 Reflection and transmission at a boundary
2.5 Stratified layers
2.6 Problems

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CHAPTER 3.

Linear Systems Theory

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3.1 Linear systems
3.2 Fourier transformation
3.3 Singular functions
3.4 Fourier transform theorems
3.5 Frequently used functions and their Fourier transforms
3.6 Linear system response
3.7 Problems

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CHAPTER 4.

Wavefront Transformations

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4.1 Free-space propagation
4.1.1 The paraxial approximation
4.1.2 The free-space propagation operator
4.2 Operator relations
4.3 Discussion
4.4 Refraction in dielectric materials
4.5 Thin optical elements
4.5.1 The transparency
4.5.2 The thin dielectric slab
4.5.3 The thin prism
4.5.4 The thin lens
4.5.5 Gratings
4.5.6 Mirrors as optical elements
4.5.7 Discussion
4.6 One-dimensional operator definitions
4.7 Cylindrical lens operators
4.7.1 Transformations with the C operator
4.8 The Gaussian beam and its transformations
4.8.1 Free-space propagation of Gaussian beams
4.8.2 Lens transformations of Gaussian
4.9 Operator algebra—discussion
4.10 Problems

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CHAPTER 5.

Basic Optical Systems

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5.1 Imaging with a thin lens
5.2 Fourier transformation with a thin lens
5.3 Some aspects of geometrical optics
5.4 Applications of single lens systems
5.4.1 The single lens image projector
5.4.2 The magnifying glass
5.4.3 Applications of a single Fourier transforming system
5.5 Two lenses in free space
5.5.1 Bonnet spheres and field flattening
5.5.2 Microscope and some of its characteristics
5.5.3 The double Fourier transforming system
5.5.4 The telescope
5.5.5 An invariance property of the two-lens system
5.6 Spatial filtering and optical correlation
5.6.1 The joint transform correlator—JTC
5.6.2 The matched filter
5.6.3 Bandwidth consideration
5.7 Space-variant and space-invariant systems
5.8 Problems

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CHAPTER 6.

Non-Ideal Optical Systems

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6.1 Optical systems of finite extent
6.1.1 Apertured imaging system
6.1.2 Apertured Fourier transforming system
6.1.3 Depth of focus
6.2 Real optical elements
6.2.1 Aberrations
6.2.2 Real lenses
6.3 Problems

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CHAPTER 7.

Statistical Aspects of Light

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7.1 Interference
7.2 Mutual coherence
7.3 Self coherence
7.4 Temporal coherence
7.5 The Michelson interferometer
7.6 Spectral aspects of temporal coherence
7.7 Spatial coherence and spatial correlation
7.8 Propagation of the coherence function
7.9 Spatial coherence from incoherent sources
7.10 Speckle patterns
7.10.1 Correlation function model of speckle patterns
7.10.2 Rigid translation
7.10.3 Free space observation
7.10.4 Discussion
7.11 Problems

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CHAPTER 8.

Interference and Interferometers

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8.1 Interference fringes
8.2 Dynamic interference fringes
8.2.1 Interference of two plane waves
8.2.2 Interference between a plane wave and a spherical wave
8.3 Interferometry
8.4 Interferometers and energy conservation
8.5 The Michelson interferometer
8.5.1 Interferometric displacement measurement
8.5.2 Interferometric velocity measurement
8.5.3 Interferometric profile and phase analysis
8.6 Other double-beam interferometers
8.6.1 The Mach—Zehnder interferometer
8.6.2 Ring interferometer
8.6.3 The Jamin interferometer
8.6.4 Beam splitters
8.6.5 The Kösters prism interferometer
8.7 Using corner cubes
8.8 Advanced interferometric procedures
8.8.1 Amplitude modulation interferometry
8.8.2 Phase shifting interferometry
8.8.3 Heterodyne interferometry
8.8.4 Multiwavelength interferometry
8.8.5 Coherence interferometer
8.9 The laser Doppler velocimeter
8.10 Multibeam interferometers
8.10.1 Elementary diffraction gratings
8.10.2 Generalized diffraction gratings
8.10.3 The grating spectroscope
8.10.4 The Fabry—Perot interferometer
8.11 Self-referencing interferometers
8.11.1 Phase visualization by spatial filtering
8.12 Problems

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CHAPTER 9.

Polarization

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9.1 Polarization of plane waves
9.2 Superposition of polarized waves
9.2.1 Superposition of two plane polarized waves
9.2.2 Superposition of two circularly polarized waves
9.3 Propagation in anisotropic media
9.3.1 Maxwell's equations in anisotropic media
9.3.2 The index ellipsoid
9.3.3 Birefringence
9.4 Basic polarization components
9.4.1 The polarizer
9.4.2 The retardation plate
9.4.3 Optical isolator
9.5 Electro-optic modulation
9.6 The Jones matrix representation
9.7 Circular birefringence
9.8 Polarization aberrations
9.9 Problems

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CHAPTER 10.

Spatial Light Modulation

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10.1 Intensity response of a recording material
10.2 Spatial frequency response of recording materials
10.3 Diffractive optical elements
10.4 Electronic recording
10.5 Acousto-optic modulation
10.6 Two-dimensional spatial light modulators
10.6.1 Controllable birefringence
10.6.2 Deformable mirrors
10.6.3 Semiconductor modulators
10.7 Problems

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CHAPTER 11.

Holography

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11.1 The holographic process
11.2 Hologram recording with plane reference wave
11.3 Spherical wave recording—magnification
11.4 Wavelength changes in holography
11.5 Phase conjugation
11.6 Classification of holograms: conditions and properties
11.6.1 On-axis and off-axis holography
11.6.2 Transmission and reflection holograms
11.6.3 Object wave configurations
11.7 Hologram recording conditions
11.7.1 Coherence and stability conditions
11.7.2 Recording medium consideration
11.8 Phase holograms
11.8.1 Thermoplastic films
11.8.2 Surface relief recording
11.8.3 Photopolymers
11.8.4 Photorefractive materials
11.9 Synthetic holograms
11.10 Electronic recording
11.11 Holographic interferometry
11.11.1 Time average holographic interferometry
11.11.2 Real-time holographic interferometry
11.11.3 Double exposure holographic interferometry
11.11.4 Phase conjugate interferometry
11.12 Generalized treatment of the holographic process
11.13 Problems

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CHAPTER 12.

Advanced Operator Algebra

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12.1 Ray transfer matrix of optical systems
12.2 The canonical operator
12.3 Integral representation of canonical operators
12.4 Wave optics and geometrical ray matrices
12.5 Canonical operator relations
12.6 Real lenses
12.7 Gaussian beam transformations
12.8 Roots and powers of optical systems
12.8.1 Matrix calculus
12.8.2 Roots and powers of specific optical systems
12.9 Problems

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CHAPTER 13.

Optical Information Processing

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13.1 EIectro-optic pattern recognition
13.2 DOE design as an optimization problem
13.2.1 Optimization algorithms—an overview
13.2.2 Cost function in filter design
13.3 Transformations with cylindrical lenses
13.3.1 The variable focal length astigmatic system
13.3.2 Imaging and Fourier transformation with astigmatic systems
13.4 One-dimensional signal processing
13.4.1 The vector–matrix multiplier
13.4.2 Optical interconnection network
13.4.3 Scale and coordinate transformation
13.4.4 The ambiguity function
13.4.5 Wavelet transform
13.4.6 Space-variant convolution
13.4.7 Convolution of 1D functions using the C operator
13.5 Matrix–matrix multiplication

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Summary of Operator Relations

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A.1 Definition of basic operators
A.2 Commutation rules among the basic operators
A.2.1 Operations of the quadratic phase factor
A.2.2 Operations by the linear phase factor
A.2.3 Operations of the scaling operator
A.2.4 Operations of the shift operator
A.2.5 Operations by the FT operator
A.2.6 Operations by the FPO
A.2.7 Other useful relations
A.3 Normalized operator relations

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Bibliography

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Problems and Solutions

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C.1 The solution manual
C.2 Chapter 2
C.3 Chapter 3
C.4 Chapter 4
C.5 Chapter 5
C.6 Chapter 6
C.7 Chapter 7
C.8 Chapter 8
C.9 Chapter 9
C.10 Chapter 10
C.11 Chapter 11
C. 12 Chapter 12

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Back Matter

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Back Matter — Errata

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