In a high-speed free-space optical communication system, a far-field space laser is usually coupled with a single-mode fiber via the optical antenna and then transmitted to a detector by an optical fiber. However, atmospheric turbulence will affect the coupling effect of the optical fiber. A fuzzy fraction-order stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) is proposed based on the traditional SPGD algorithm to achieve efficient fiber coupling. In this algorithm, the fraction-order differential is integrated into the SPGD for the purpose of improving the speed of the fiber coupling. Furthermore, the fuzzy control method is combined with the fraction-order SPGD approach, and fuzzy rules are designed for the gradient. The fractional order and learning rate are adjusted adaptively in each iteration. In the simulation, the fuzzy fraction-order SPGD can converge to the extreme point quickly and has excellent robustness.