We propose an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing multiple-input/multiple-output space-frequency block-coded (MIMO-SFBC) system based on the exponential Weibull distribution model for uplink and downlink satellite laser communication. Considering the different effects of atmospheric turbulence on the laser beam, the closed expression of bit error rate (BER) was derived for the proposed system. The relationship between the BER and signal-to-noise ratio was analyzed under uplink and downlink, respectively, and compared with the single-input/single-output and space-time block-coded systems. Simultaneously, the effects of different numbers of transmitting and receiving antennas on the selection of zenith angle, receiving aperture, transmitting radius, and beam divergence of the MIMO-SFBC system were also studied. Finally, the Monte Carlo method was used to verify the experimental data. This study provides a theoretical reference for the engineering implementation of MIMO coding technology in satellite laser communication systems.