Corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) is a surgical procedure to treat corneal ectasia. Ultraviolet (UV) light and riboflavin are combined to modify corneal microstructure by forming additional chemical bounds between stromal collagen fibers. Because of limited in-depth penetration of riboflavin and UV-light attenuation, a demarcation between treated and untreated regions can be observed, suggesting a two-layer structure after treatment. Here, we present a method of elastic moduli reconstruction in both cornea layers using OCE-tracked guided waves and an analytical model of a 2-layer nearly incompressible transversely isotropic (NITI) medium. An example of reconstruction is demonstrated in an ex vivo human cornea.
The stiffness of a biological tissue is a great indicator of its health state. Thus, adding quantitative stiffness to medical imaging systems could be a strong aid for diagnosis, notably in cases of small lesions or inaccessible tissues. In our team, we developed noise correlation elastography for full field coherent imaging technics such as digital holography or FFOCT). In the present study, we demonstrate the advantages of this method for the non-invasive quantification of mechanical anisotropy in fibrous biological tissues, both when validating it on finite-difference simulated data, in anisotropic tissue-mimicking polymer fantoms, and ex-vivo and in-vivo biological samples.
Where OCT imaging provides high-resolution structural images in depth, dynamic OCT approaches can provide functional information. OCT signal can be divided in three categories: Static scatterers (structural OCT), flowing scatterers and scatterers entering and exiting the imaged volume. By using the signal acquired at the same position at different times, the static and flowing signals can be differentiated. Dynamic OCT has shown promising results notably in angiography [1,2] and cell activity imaging in organoids [3,4]. Using a Point-Scan Spectral Domain OCT to achieve a resolution close to cell size, a preliminary comparison of different dynamic OCT processing has been conducted to prepare further work in biological tissues.
Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) enables high-resolution 3D imaging. FF-OCT is a noninvasive and label-free imaging technique that produces high-resolution microscopy images of scattering biological samples. During the last decade, FF-OCT has become invaluable for many biomedical applications. It requires the extraction of the amplitude and phase components from the interference signal, for which a phase-shifting algorithm is usually used. However, this algorithm is not well adapted for real-time observation of in-vivo samples, therefore limiting the use of FF-OCT for ¬in-vivo imaging and clinical transfer. We propose in this study a new approach in FF-OCT that enables single-shot acquisitions using off-axis digital holography principle with low spatially and temporally coherent source.
Quantitative elastography is performed using noise-correlation on full-field images acquired using digital holography. Experimental results in isotropic and anisotropic polymer samples are presented as well as stiffness images on biological tissues.
KEYWORDS: Elastography, Wave propagation, Tissues, Digital holography, Algorithm development, Video, Computer simulations, Speckle, Signal to noise ratio, Correlation function
Significance: Quantitative stiffness information can be a powerful aid for tumor or fibrosis diagnosis. Currently, very promising elastography approaches developed for non-contact biomedical imaging are based on transient shear-waves imaging. Transient elastography offers quantitative stiffness information by tracking the propagation of a wave front. The most common method used to compute stiffness from the acquired propagation movie is based on shear-wave time-of-flight calculations.
Aim: We introduce an approach to transient shear-wave elastography with spatially coherent sources, able to yield full-field quantitative stiffness maps with reduced artifacts compared to typical artifacts observed in time-of-flight.
Approach: A noise-correlation algorithm developed for passive elastography is adapted to spatially coherent narrow or any band sources. This noise-correlation-inspired (NCi) method is employed in parallel with a classic time-of-flight approach. Testing is done on simulation images, experimental validation is conducted with a digital holography setup on controlled homogeneous samples, and full-field quantitative stiffness maps are presented for heterogeneous samples and ex-vivo biological tissues.
Results: The NCi approach is first validated on simulations images. Stiffness images processed by the NCi approach on simulated inclusions display significantly less artifacts than with a time-of-flight reconstruction. The adaptability of the NCi algorithm to narrow or any band shear-wave sources was tested successfully. Experimental testing on homogeneous samples demonstrates similar values for both the time-of-flight and the NCi approach. Soft inclusions in agarose sample could be resolved using the NCi method and feasibility on ex-vivo biological tissues is presented.
Conclusions: The presented NCi approach was successful in computing quantitative full-field stiffness maps with narrow and broadband source signals on simulation and experimental images from a digital holography setup. Results in heterogeneous media show that the NCi approach could provide stiffness maps with less artifacts than with time-of-flight, demonstrating that a NCi algorithm is a promising approach for shear-wave transient elastography with spatially coherent sources.
Shear-wave elastography is based on the imaging of displacements induced by the propagation of shear-waves through a medium. A full-field off-axis digital holography setup is utilized here to image surface displacements with high sensitivity. A low frame-rate camera is combined with a stroboscopic approach to achieve propagation imaging. We present the latest results using time of flight and time-reversal-based methods to map stiffness from a propagation movie. The methods are tested on simulation images obtained using a finite difference algorithm. Experimental images with the optical setup on agarose test samples mimicking biological tissues and first results on an ex-vivo biological sample are presented.
We present here our latest results on noise correlation based optical elastography using off-axis digital elastography. In this study, noise correlation elastography is used to access quantitative measurement of stiffness anisotropy.
The principle is to numerically refocus the diffuse shear wave field at each pixel using noise-correlation algorithms. The refocusing gives not only access to the local shear wave wavelength directly related to the local shear wave speed but also to the mechanical anisotropy through the 2D shape of the refocusing.
The method is validated on finite difference simulation and first experimental measure is presented.
Digital holography enables the capture of phase and amplitude from a single camera frame with high sensitivity. Displacements induced by a shear-wave diffuse field are acquired at the surface of a scattering sample. From the acquisitions, the stiffness of the sample can be mapped using a time-reversal-based algorithm. The coupling of digital holography with a time-reversal method achieves full-field quantitative elastography without the need of a controlled or synchronized source of mechanical wave. We present here the validation of the method on tissue-mimicking polymer samples and latest results on ex-vivo and in-vivo biological samples.
Imagine Optic (IO) is actively developing EUV to X-ray wavefront (WF) sensors since 2003 for applications on metrology of EUV to X-ray beams emitted by synchrotrons, free-electron lasers, plasma-based soft X-ray lasers and high harmonic generation. Our sensors have demonstrated their high usefulness for metrology of EUV to X-ray optics from single flat or curved mirrors to more complex optical systems (Schwarzschild, Kirkpatrick-Baez static or based on bender technology or with activators). Our most recent developments include the realization of a EUV sensor adapted to strongly convergent or divergent beams having numerical aperture as high as 0.15, as well as the production of a hard X-ray sensor working at 10 keV and higher energies, providing repeatability as good as 4 pm rms. We present a review of the developed sensors, as well as experimental demonstrations of their benefits for various metrology and WF optimization requirements.
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