In the simplest definition, a quantum battery is defined as a quantum system that can store energy. Recently, quantum battery has attracted a lot of interest due to its better performance than the classical one in terms of charging speed and stored energy. This superior performance comes from the quantum effects, such as quantum entanglement and correlations. The main problem to tackle in quantum battery is to achieve a quantum battery that stores more energy with faster charging time. In this work, we consider a model of quantum battery with nonlinearity effect: Kerr nonlinearity and quadratic driving. We show by adding nonlinearity to the system, the performance of the quantum battery in terms of stored energy and charging time becomes better. The Kerr nonlinearity induces an-harmonicity in the energy levels of the battery, from which we show that the charging time of the Kerr battery is faster than the case of harmonic oscillator battery, while the stored energy is larger than the case of qubit battery. On the other hand, quadratic driving leads to a squeezed quantum battery, which generates plentiful useful energy near to critical points.
Luis Rodríguez-de Marcos, Leong Ong Bin, Teguh Citra Asmara, Sascha Pierre Heussler, Albert Guerrero , Roser Mas , Xavier Borrise, Mark B. H. Breese, Andrivo Rusydi
In this communication, we show preliminary results on transmissive TiO2 wire-grid polarizers (WGP) operating in the deep ultraviolet (DUV) range. WGP are devices based on strips of materials with large values of the modulus of the dielectric constant along with high absorption in the operational range. The merit function Π is introduced as a new tool to find the optimum material for WGPs in a given spectral range. The experimental dielectric constant of TiO2 thin films deposited by pulsed laser deposition are obtained through spectroscopic ellipsometry, and the Π function indicates that TiO2 is the best candidate for WGP in the DUV range when it is compared with other oxides. Once the material selection for WGP is done, we present and compare two different design approaches for WGP: one using an effective medium theory for the periodic structure, and the second using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis. A prototype of WGP is fabricated by electron beam (e-beam) lithography followed by lift-off process; the topography of the sample is analyzed by AFM, and we found noticeable deviations in the grating from the designed values. In preliminary characterization work the effective dielectric constant in two perpendicular orientations is obtained by ellipsometry and the contrast is compared with the design.
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