The quality, availability and diversity of satellite-derived earth observation data products are continuously improving. Such satellite products can provide an extensive and complementary view on many matters with respect to intensive but localised in-situ or ground measurements. A search has been undertaken on the available types and sources of satellite data products that could be applicable in the study of the spatio-temporal distribution of aero-optical turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. This has included all satellite data products that are relevant to the surface energy balance such as surface reflectance, temperature and emissivity. It was also important to identify active archive data services that can provide preprocessed and quality-filtered time-series products. Products derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) and other sensors on the NASA Terra and Aqua platforms were of special interest. The use of climatological shortwave and longwave radiative transfer models, combined with satellite-derived data was explored as a method of elucidating the surface heat balance. An in-situ dataset from the Rietvlei vertical turbulence profiling campaign of 2013 was used to validate a number of aspects of the satellite-derived heat balance approach.
Optical turbulence represented by the structure function parameter of the refractive index Cn2 is a relevant parameter for the performance of electro-optical systems and characterization of the atmospheric influence on imaging. It was investigated during a field trial above an Highveld grassland in the atmospheric surface layer at the Rietvlei Nature Reserve close to Pretoria in South Africa from 18th June to 30th June 2013. This campaign was performed to compare different measurement techniques analyzing the diurnal formation of the vertical distribution of optical turbulence up to a height of 16 m above ground. The chosen time period was characterized by a pronounced diurnal cycle of the meteorological conditions, i.e. low variations from day to day. Ultra sonic anemometers were used to measure high frequency time series (50 Hz) of temperature at single points. From the statistical analysis of these time series Cn2 was derived. Three instruments were mounted at a portable mast in the center of slant path measurements over a horizontal distance of 1000 m using large aperture scintillometers (Boundary layer scintillometer BLS 900). Averaging over a time period of 5 minutes, the results of both methods are compared. The agreement in the results of optical turbulence is quite good. Discrepancies and agreement are analyzed with respect to the atmospheric stability and other meteorological parameters. Lowest values of Cn2 at 4.6 m above ground amount to about 8*10-17 m-2/3, daily maxima to 6*10-13 m-2/3. Additional to the nearly constant meteorological conditions in the diurnal cycle, the uniformity of the terrain let the results of this measurement campaign an ideal data set for investigating methodological questions regarding a comparison of single point measurements with integrated measurements over a horizontal distance. Four stability regimes were identified in the diurnal cycle and investigated. These are convective conditions during the day, neutral conditions about sunrise and sunset, and two different stable regimes at night.
The optical effect of atmospheric turbulence greatly inhibits the achievable range of Detection, Recognition and Identification
(DRI) of targets when using imaging sensors within the surface layer. Since turbulence tends to be worst near the
ground and decays with height, the question often arises as to how much DRI range could be gained by elevating the sensor.
Because this potential DRI gain depends on the rate of decay of turbulence strength with height in any particular environment,
there is a need to measure the strength profile of turbulence with respect to height in various environments under
different atmospheric and meteorological conditions. Various techniques exist to measure turbulence strength, including
scintillometry, sonic anemometry, Sound Detection and Ranging (SODAR) and the analysis of point source imagery. These
techniques vary in absolute sensitivity, sensitivity to range profile, temporal and spatial response, making comparison and
interpretation challenging.
We describe a field experiment using multiple scintillometers, sonic anemometers and point source videography to
collect statistics on atmospheric turbulence strength at different heights above ground. The environment is a relatively
flat, temperate to sub-tropical grassland area on the interior plateau of Southern Africa near Pretoria. The site in question,
Rietvlei Nature Reserve, offers good spatial homogeneity over a substantial area and low average wind speed. Rietvlei
was therefore chosen to simplify comparison of techniques as well as to obtain representative turbulence profile data for
temperate grassland. A key element of the experimental layout is to place a sonic anemometer 15 m above ground at the
centre of a 1 km slant-path extending from ground level to a height of 30 m. An optical scintillometer is operated along the
slant-path. The experiment layout and practical implementation are described in detail and initial results are presented.
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