A novel Erbium-doped fiber laser sensor based on a sigma-type cavity configuration using a double-pass cascadedchirped long-period fiber grating (C-CLPG) as a reflective sensor section is proposed for a real-time displacement sensor, in which the double-pass C-CLPG is provided by returning the transmitted light of the C-CLPG with a Faraday rotator mirror (FRM) in the σ-branch of the cavity. The σ-branch with FRM-reflection realizes a compensation effect for the polarization fluctuations in the sensor section, a stable oscillation output during the sensing operation, and a suitable arrangement for remote sensing. In the experiment, we have successfully demonstrated a real-time displacement measurement based on bending characteristics of the C-CLPG, taking advantage of laser-type sensors.
High-resolution simultaneous measurement of vibration and temperature using an optical fiber sensor is presented. Strain and temperature can be measured simultaneously by using two types of reflection spectra of a Fabry-Perot interferometer consisted of fiber Bragg gratings in a polarization maintaining fiber. The fine structure of reflection spectrum of the interferometer, i.e. PM-FBG-FPI, enables high-resolution detection of wavelength shifts. In order to measure solid vibration, we present a fast interrogation method using current modulation of a laser diode for PM-FBG-FPI sensors. The resulting fast measurement is demonstrated experimentally.
A precise measurement technique of long period of fiber grating sensor (LPG) is demonstrated by employing a cascaded chirp LPG (C-CLPG) as a sensing device and by adopting a Fourier transform method for an interrogation technique. In this approach, transmittance of the C-CLPG exhibits periodic channeled spectrum and its strain- and/or temperature-dependent wavelength shift is analyzed by obtaining a cross-spectrum function between the original and the shifted channeled spectra, in which the phase term of the cross-spectrum corresponds to the wavelength shift. Since the phase component is determined by using all the channeled spectrum over a wider bandwidth of the C-CLPG, more precise measurements of the strain and temperature are expected than that of the peak search method in that the wavelength shift is determined by the shift of one of peaks of the channeled spectrum. In the experiment, the highly precise strain and temperature measurements are presented by comparing with the results of the peak search method.
We present multipoint vibration sensing using fiber Bragg gratings and optical frequency domain refrectometry (OFDR). In OFDR based method, the maximum number of arrayed sensor can be few thousands and the measurement time is determined by wavelength scanning rate of a light source. In our sensor system, a laser diode is used as a wavelength scanning light source. Lasing wavelength of a laser diode can be modulated by changing its injection current. The injection current can be precisely modulated at high frequency up to 1 MHz using a laser-diode controller and wavelength scanning can be then easily achieved with a laser diode.
A fiber-optic strain sensor array using long period fiber gratings (LPGs) is proposed and demonstrated, in which cascaded LPGs (C-LPGs) are employed as the sensing elements and a Fourier transform technique is applied to their periodic channeled spectra for the interrogation scheme. In this technique, strain-induced shift of the channeled spectrum of C-LPG can be determined precisely from the cross-spectrum (i.e. Fourier transform of cross-correlation) between the original and shifted channeled spectra and multiplexing operation of C-LPG sensor array can be achieved by using the different C-LPGs having the channeled spectra with various periods. In the experiment, several kinds of CLPGs are fabricated by UV-irradiation technique and simultaneous multipoint strain measurements are successfully demonstrated.
Highly precise fiber optic strain and temperature measurements using chirped long period fiber grating (CLPG) are proposed and demonstrated, in which cascaded CLPGs (C-CLPGs) are employed as the sensing element and a Fourier transform technique is applied for the interrogation scheme. In this technique, strain and/or temperature-induced wavelength shift is determined precisely from the cross-correlation or cross-spectrum between the original and shifted channeled spectrum. In the experiment, C-CLPGs are fabricated by UV-irradiation technique, and strain and temperature characteristics are investigated. The highly precise measurements are confirmed by comparing with the results of the peak tracking method.
We present multipoint vibration sensing using fiber Bragg gratings and optical frequency domain refrectometry (OFDR). In OFDR based method, the maximum number of arrayed sensor can be few thousands and the measurement time is determined by wavelength scanning rate of a light source. In our sensor system, a laser diode is used as a wavelength scanning light source. Lasing wavelength of a laser diode can be modulated by changing its injection current. The injection current can be precisely modulated at high frequency up to 100 kHz using a laser-diode controller and wavelength scanning can be then easily achieved with a laser diode.
The joint JAXA/NASA ASTRO-H mission is the sixth in a series of highly successful X-ray missions developed by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), with a planned launch in 2015. The ASTRO-H mission is equipped with a suite of sensitive instruments with the highest energy resolution ever achieved at E > 3 keV and a wide energy range spanning four decades in energy from soft X-rays to gamma-rays. The simultaneous broad band pass, coupled with the high spectral resolution of ΔE ≤ 7 eV of the micro-calorimeter, will enable a wide variety of important science themes to be pursued. ASTRO-H is expected to provide breakthrough results in scientific areas as diverse as the large-scale structure of the Universe and its evolution, the behavior of matter in the gravitational strong field regime, the physical conditions in sites of cosmic-ray acceleration, and the distribution of dark matter in galaxy clusters at different redshifts.
A highly sensitive fiber-optic mechanical vibration sensor is constructed by using a cascaded long period fiber grating (LPG) based on an intensity modulation scheme. In the fabrication process, the cascaded LPG, which is composed of a pair of identical LPGs with a certain distance, is inscribed in a length of photosensitive single-mode optical fiber by means of a point-by-point technique using a KrF excimer laser. Since the sensitivity of the intensity-based LPG sensor depends on a gradient of the slope of transmittance spectrum curve as well as the strain-sensitivity of the spectral shift, the channeled spectrum of the cascaded LPG provides a highly sensitive operation for the vibration detection. In the experiment, several kinds of cascaded LPGs have been fabricated and examined in terms of the sensor sensitivity. In addition, highly sensitive mechanical vibration detection has been successfully demonstrated.
Operation of an optical fiber sensor based on an in-fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer using chirped fiber Bragg gratings is examined in the pulse-position modulation scheme, especially for mechanical vibration measurement. Emphasis is placed on the ability to measure vibration of larger amplitude. Although the magnitude of vibration that can be measured with a single Fabry-Perot resonance peak is rather limited, the limitation is expected to be overcome by use of multiple resonance peaks in the operation. The experiment with five resonance peaks shows the successful operation of the sensor and therefore the validity of the method proposed.
A Fiber Bragg Gratings(FBG) have been used as a sensor head for measurement of temperature and static strain. However, a standard FBG sensor, which is constructed on single-mode fiber, cannot simultaneously measure both temperature and static strain since the sensor has cross-sensitivity between them. The cross-sensitivity problem can be solved by using an FBG constructed on a polarization maintaining fiber(PM-FBG) instead of a standard FBG. In this paper, we report improvement on the sensing resolution for the simultaneous measurement of temperature and static strain. An Fabry-Perot interferometer constructed with PM-FBG(PM-FBG-FPI) is introduced as a sensor head. The fine structure of an PM-FBG-FPI reflection spectrum enables high resolution detection of wavelength shifts. The resulting high resolution measurement is demonstrated experimentally.
A Fabry-Perot interferometer with chirped FBGs as reflectors has hundreds of resonance peeks in the transmittance
spectrum and can be utilized as a sensor based on the dependency of the peak wavelengths on the influence applied to
the fiber. Because the width of the peak is narrow and the number of the peak is large, one may well expect high
resolution and/or large dynamic range in its operation. In this paper, we propose to use it for measuring vibration of solid.
We characterize the sensor for two kinds of interrogation methods: the intensity-modulation and wavelength-sweep
schemes. The sensor works well and the former scheme yields a lower minimum detectable strain while the latter gives
flexibility in the magnitude of the dynamic range. In addition, difference in finesse between shorter- and longerwavelength
regions allows us to design a sensor of different sensitivity by changing the operation wavelength.
An in-fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer with fiber Bragg grating mirrors (FBG-FPI) yields extremely narrow transmission peaks within the FBG reflection wavelength range. Periodical scanning of the laser light source is under influence of strain. A high signal-to-noise ratio interrogation is possible with high resolution and a wide range of vibration frequency can be analyzed since the laser wavelength can be easily scanned at high frequency. Furthermore, an inexpensive DFB laser can be utilized as a light source because the narrowness of the transmission peaks does not require broad wavelength scanning. In this paper, experimental investigation of dynamic characteristics of wavelength of DFB-LD is reported.
A novel fiber optic sensor array is proposed and demonstrated by multiplexing intensity-based long-period fiber grating
(LPG) sensors, in which a simultaneous multipoint detection of mechanical vibrations as well as a highly sensitive
operation is realized. In the intensity-based detection scheme, multiple narrowband light sources are provided by use of
a broadband amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source and fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with their wavelengths
adjusted to the spectral dips of the sensing LPGs. The LPG vibration sensor array is achieved by using a combination of
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and space division multiplexing (SDM) technique. In the experiment, the
LPG sensor array is constructed by multiplexing two LPG sensors in tandem and simultaneous multipoint vibration
detection without crosstalk is successfully demonstrated.
Bending-characteristics of long period fiber gratings (LPGs) are investigated for use in LPG vibration sensors based on
an intensity modulation scheme, in which a tunable laser is used for an optical source with its wavelength tuned to a
transmission spectrum curve of an attenuation dip of an LPG and the partially transmitted light through the LPG is
modulated in intensity by applied vibrations. In the experiment, LPGs are fabricated by use of an UV irradiation
technique and their bending-induced spectral changes are examined in terms of the wavelength and transmittance of the
attenuation dip. In contrast to the axial strain, it is confirmed that the much larger spectral changes are obtained when
bending deformations are applied to the LPGs. The intensity-based vibration sensor is then demonstrated by adopting
the bending effects on a LPG spectrum and its highly sensitive operation is successfully performed.
We construct an intensity-based FBG sensor for a vibration measurement of a rotating structure by using an optical
fiber rotary joint (OFRJ) which enables free rotation of fiber while maintaining low-loss coupling efficiency. Although
a number of FBG sensors have been proposed for use in various applications, they have not yet been applied to a
rotating structure especially for dynamical measurement. In the proposed sensor system, an SOA-based dualwavelength
fiber laser is employed as an optical source and an additional reference FBG sensor is multiplexed with the
intensity-based FBG sensor by use of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique. The reference sensor
enables to compensate the insertion-loss variation due to the rotating OFRJ so that a real-time vibration measurement of
a rotating structure is achieved in the intensity-modulation scheme. In the experiment, the operation principle is
successfully confirmed, and the vibration measurements of a rotating cantilever beam and a propeller-like plastic blade
are demonstrated.
A long-period fiber grating (LPG) sensor is interrogated with the wavelength-to-time mapping scheme. Highspeed
scanning of the laser light source wavelength generates a train of optical dark pulses in the transmitted
light through the LPG whose peak position is modulated according to the wavelength change caused by the
environmental influence. The generated dark pulses are Fourier-analyzed and the information on the wavelength
shift is retrieved. The result in the temperature sensing shows the linearity of the sensor system and the validity
of the interrogation scheme is verified. The scheme can be also applied to the sensing of the dynamic influence.
With 20 kHz scanning frequency, dynamic influence of up to 10 kHz is expected to be interrogated. Utilizing
the characteristic advantage that a LPG can be tailored to be of higher or less sensitivity to the influence, the
proposed method can be expected to yield high performance operation of a LPG sensor.
An in-fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer with fiber Bragg grating mirrors (FBG-FPI) yields extremely narrow
transmission peaks within the FBG reflection wavelength range. Periodical scanning of the laser light source
wavelength produces a train of optical pulses and the occurrence time of the pulse is modulated as the FBG-FPI
is under influence of strain. When dynamic strain due to mechanical vibration is applied to the FBG-FPI,
the detected signal of the pulse train is Fourier transformed and processed to reproduce the waveform of
the vibration-induced strain. A high signal-to-noise ratio interrogation is possible with high resolution and a
wide range of vibration frequency can be analyzed since the laser wavelength can be easily scanned at high
frequency. Furthermore, an inexpensive DFB laser can be utilized as a light source because the narrowness of
the transmission peaks does not require broad wavelength scanning.
Long-period fiber gratings (LPGs) are fabricated and investigated for use in an LPG vibration sensor based on intensity
modulation scheme in which a tunable laser with its wavelength tuned to a slope of an attenuation dip of an LPG is used
for an optical source and the light partially transmitted through the LPG is modulated in intensity according to the
applied vibrations. In the experiment, it is demonstrated that the LPG vibration sensor yields a clear and stable output
waveform. In addition, it is confirmed that the sensitivity of the sensor depends on the wavelength-shift of attenuation
dip per unit strain and the gradient of a slope of the attenuation dip. Since an LPG shows higher sensitivity to static or
dynamic strain when an appropriate higher-order cladding mode is adopted, proper choice of the order of cladding
mode enables a highly sensitive operation of the LPG vibration sensor.
A novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) hydrophone array is proposed in order to realize simultaneous multipoint underwater
acoustic detection with thermal stabilization. The interrogation technique of the FBG hydrophone to be arrayed is based
on an intensity-modulation scheme, in which a tunable laser is used for an optical source with its oscillation wavelength
tuned to a slope of the reflection spectrum curve of the FBG. The light reflected at the sensing FBG is modulated by an
underwater acoustic wave and offers a waveform signal as a sensor output. For fabricating the FBG hydrophone array, a
multi-wavelength tunable fiber laser is constructed for providing multiple narrowband optical sources and the sensing
FBGs are arranged in tandem using a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technique. In the experiment,
simultaneous three-point underwater acoustic detection and measurement of sound velocity in water have been
successfully demonstrated.
In vibration sensing using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based on the intensity modulation scheme, light incident on a FBG is narrow-band light tuned to the slope in a reflectance spectrum of the FBG. Since the sensor sensitivity is proportional to the slope of the spectrum curve, enhancement of the sensitivity requires the slope to be steeper. In this paper, vibration sensing by usee of an in-fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer with FBG reflectors (FBG-FPI) is presented. Because a reflectance spectrum of a FBG-EPI has much steeper slope thatn a single FBG, a FBG-FPI yields improvement in sensitivity of the sensing. High-sensitivity measurement of vibration of a piezoelectric transducer is experimentally demonstrated. Comparing to a vibration sensor using a single FBG, the use of the FPI structure has increased the sensitivity of vibration by 30dB.
The conventional phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) algorithm used in white-light phase-shifting interferometry
(WLPSI) is not effective for the steep envelope change in the interferogram. We have developed a new 7-step algorithm
that is insensitive to the steep contrast change in the envelope of interferogram. Seven-step algorithm includes the
envelope change in the interferogram is approximated to be a parabolic function. The detection accuracy of the contrast
peak and the accuracy in phase-extraction routine of a 7-step algorithm have been compared with those of a 5-step
algorithm.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.