Electromagnetic Bloch waves are the standard representation of the
optical field in two-dimensional photonic crystals (2D-PhCs). We
present an intuitive description of Bloch waves based on their
Fourier transform into series of electromagnetic plane waves. The
contribution of each plane wave to the global energy and group
velocity is detailed and the valid domain of this decomposition is
discussed. This approach enables a continuous description of light
propagation from the homogeneous medium to the strongly modulated
PhC case and resolves inconsistencies that result from band
folding. Finally this model provides a clear physical
understanding of the negative refraction effects observed in
2D-PhCs.
Practical realizations of 2D (planar) photonics crystal (PhC) are either on a membrane or etched through a conventional heterostructure. While fascinating objects can emerge from the first approach, only the latter approach lends itself to a progressive integration of more compact PhC's towards monolithic PICs based on InP. We describe in this talk the various aspects from technology to functions and devices, as emerged from the European collaboration "PCIC." The main technology tour de force is deep-etching with aspect ratio of about 10 and vertical sidewall, achieved by three techniques (CAIBE, ICP-RIE, ECR-RIE). The basic functions explored are bends, splitters/combiners, mirrors, tapers, and the devices are filters and lasers. At the end of the talk, I will emphasize some positive aspects of "broad" multimode PhC waveguides, in view of compact add-drop filtering action, notably.
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