An overmoded photonic crystal waveguide based on the three-dimensional woodpile lattice has been proposed for a highenergy
charged particle accelerator. Critical to overall accelerator efficiency is the ability to couple power into an uninterrupted
vacuum waveguide in a very small volume. We present designs and simulations of coupling to the waveguide, both
from free space and from a waveguide adjoining it at 90 degrees. We discuss details of the computation, including the use
of symmetries and extraction of the resulting transmission.
Metamaterials can be engineered to have the real part of the
effective refractive index less than unity at optical wavelengths.
These composite materials exhibit total external reflection and
hence can be utilized in the cladding of hollow optical
waveguides. We investigate the use of one- and two-dimensional
silver-dielectric metamaterials in waveguides. In particular, we
discuss the effects of scaling down the size of the metal features
in the metamaterial.
There has been a growing interest in the design and fabrication of composite materials to enhance the flexibility in specifying their optical properties for device applications. Here we show that metamaterials composed of metal-dielectric nano-structures can be engineered to have an effective refractive index below unity at optical wavelengths. These materials show intriguing optical properties including total external reflection. Different rigorous and approximate modeling techniques will be compared. We will show a novel approach to derive a realistic value of the effective refractive index from the reflection coefficients of finite slabs. The effect of losses and dispersion will be analyzed in the visible range of frequencies considering the properties of real metals. We explain the differences among ultra-low refractive index metamaterials, photonic bandgap materials, and metals. Finally, we propose the application of these metamaterials to waveguide structures that guide light in air by total external reflection.
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