Mr. Christopher C. Moeller Profile

Christopher C. Moeller

Researcher at Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (25)

Proceedings Article | 4 October 2023 Poster + Paper

The JPSS-3 VIIRS version 2 at-launch relative spectral response characterization

Christopher Moeller, Tom Schwarting, David Moyer, Julia Barsi

Proceedings Volume 12685, 126851F (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2677674

KEYWORDS: Spectral response, Crosstalk

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Proceedings Article | 23 October 2019 Presentation + Paper

JPSS-2 VIIRS Version 1 spectral characterization and performance assessment

Thomas Schwarting, Christopher Moeller, David Moyer, Jeffrey McIntire, Hassan Oudrari, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 11127, 111270C (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530097

KEYWORDS: Tungsten, Sensors, Ceramics, Mirrors, Absorption, Camera shutters, Signal to noise ratio, Long wavelength infrared, Optical filtering, Reflectivity

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Paper

JPSS-2 VIIRS version 2 at-launch relative spectral response characterization

Chris Moeller, Tom Schwarting, Joel McCorkel, David Moyer, Jeff McIntire

Proceedings Volume 11127, 111270D (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530022

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2018 Paper

NOAA-20 VIIRS thermal emissive band calibration error comparison with heritage VIIRS sensors

D. Moyer, C. Moeller, F. De Luccia

Proceedings Volume 10785, 107851U (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2325814

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Infrared radiation, Black bodies, Temperature metrology, Reflectivity, Long wavelength infrared, Thermal modeling, Error analysis, Space operations

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2018 Presentation + Paper

MODIS cross-talk effects and areas of potential performance differences for Terra from Aqua characteristics

B. Guenther, Junqiang Sun, Christopher Moeller

Proceedings Volume 10764, 1076411 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2320325

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Long wavelength infrared, Calibration, Mid-IR, Photovoltaics, Analog electronics

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Proceedings Article | 21 September 2017 Presentation

Validation of VIIRS with CrIS by taking into account the sub-pixel cloudiness and viewing geometry (Conference Presentation)

Jun Li, Changyong Cao, Zhenglong Li, Xinya Gong, Wenhui Wang, Christopher Moeller

Proceedings Volume 10402, 1040224 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2273027

KEYWORDS: Infrared imaging, Clouds, Infrared radiation, Calibration, Infrared sensors, Visible radiation, Radiometry, Sensors, Imaging systems, Sensor calibration

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

Improvements to Terra MODIS L1B, L2, and L3 science products through using crosstalk corrected L1B radiances

Chris Moeller, Richard Frey, Eva Borbas, W. Paul Menzel, Truman Wilson, Aisheng Wu, Xu Geng

Proceedings Volume 10402, 104020O (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274340

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Clouds, Detection and tracking algorithms, Calibration, Contamination, Climatology, Water, Satellites

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

Atmospheric correction for JPSS-2 VIIRS response versus scan angle measurements

Jeff McIntire, Chris Moeller, Hassan Oudrari, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 10402, 104021K (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2272796

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Absorption, Satellites, Atmospheric modeling, Transmittance, Atmospheric corrections, Satellite imaging, Imaging systems, Visible radiation, Infrared imaging

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2016 Presentation + Paper

JPSS-1 VIIRS version 2 at-launch relative spectral response characterization and performance

Chris Moeller, Tom Schwarting, Jeff McIntire, David Moyer, Jinan Zeng

Proceedings Volume 9972, 997203 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2238050

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Signal attenuation, Electroluminescence, Carbon dioxide, Optical parametric oscillators, Optical spheres, Camera shutters, Optical filters, Scanning electron microscopy, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2015 Paper

JPSS-1 VIIRS prelaunch spectral characterization and performance

Chris Moeller, Tom Schwarting, Jeff McIntire, Dave Moyer

Proceedings Volume 9607, 960711 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2188658

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Tungsten, Ceramics, Signal detection, Signal to noise ratio, Optical filters, Long wavelength infrared, Absorption, Optical filtering, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2014 Paper

Review of Terra MODIS thermal emissive band radiometric performance evaluation

Chris Moeller, W. Menzel, Greg Quinn

Proceedings Volume 9218, 92180T (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2062138

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Calibration, Mirrors, Atmospheric sensing, Satellites, Earth's atmosphere, Long wavelength infrared, Atmospheric optics, Clouds

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The MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Earth Observing System Terra satellite, launched into orbit on 18 December 1999, will have a “first light” 15th anniversary on 24 February 2015. For nearly 15 years the MODIS instrument has provided radiances in all spectral bands. Though some detectors have fallen below SNR thresholds, the vast majority of spectral bands continue to provide high quality L1B measurements for use in L2 science algorithms supporting global climate research. Radiometric accuracy of the Terra MODIS thermal emissive bands (TEBs) in the C6 L1B product has been assessed using various approaches over the nearly 15 year Terra MODIS data record, including comparisons with instruments on the ground, in aircraft under-flights, and on other satellites. All of these approaches contribute to the understanding of the Terra MODIS radiometric L1B performance. Early in the lifetime of Terra, ground-based measurements and NASA ER-2 aircraft under-flights revealed that TEBs in the infrared window (“window” bands) are well calibrated and performing within accuracy specifications. The ER-2 under-flights also suggested that many atmospheric bands may be performing outside of specification, especially LWIR CO2 sensitive bands that are subject to optical crosstalk, although analysis uncertainties are larger for atmospheric bands. Beginning in 2007, MetOp-A IASI observations were used to evaluate Terra MODIS TEB performance through Simultaneous Nadir Overpass (SNO) comparisons. These inter-satellite comparisons largely affirm the early aircraft and ground-based evaluations, showing that all Terra MODIS window bands have small biases, minimal trending, and minor detector and mirror side striping over the 2007-2013 timeframe. Most atmospheric bands are performing satisfactorily near to specification; however, biases, striping and trending are large and significantly out of specification in the water vapor sensitive band 27 and ozone sensitive band 30 while the CO2 sensitive band 36 bias significantly exceeds specification. The investigation has found that an effective spectral shift significantly reduces biases and scene temperature dependence (but not trends) in most atmospheric bands, bringing them closer to, if not within, specification.

Proceedings Article | 23 September 2013 Paper

S-NPP VIIRS thermal band spectral radiance performance through 18 months of operation on-orbit

Chris Moeller, Dave Tobin, Greg Quinn

Proceedings Volume 8866, 88661N (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2023389

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Long wavelength infrared, Sensors, Satellites, Infrared radiation, Mid-IR, Mirrors, Aerosols, Sun, Infrared imaging

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The Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) satellite, carrying the first Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) was successfully launched on October 28, 2011 with first light on November 21, 2011. The passive cryo-radiator cooler doors were opened on January 18, 2012 allowing the cold focal planes (S/MWIR and LWIR) to cool to the nominal operating temperature of 80K. After an early on-orbit functional checkout period, an intensive Cal/Val (ICV) phase has been underway. During the ICV, the VIIRS SDR performance for thermal emissive bands (TEB) has been under evaluation using on-orbit comparisons between VIIRS and the CrIS instrument on S-NPP, as well as VIIRS and the IASI instrument on MetOp-A. CrIS has spectral coverage of VIIRS bands M13, M15, M16, and I5 while IASI covers all VIIRS TEB. These comparisons largely verify that VIIRS TEB SDR are performing within or nearly within pre-launch requirements across the full dynamic range of these VIIRS bands, with the possible exception of warm scenes (<280 K) in band M12 as suggested by VIIRS-IASI comparisons. The comparisons with CrIS also indicate that the VIIRS Half Angle Mirror (HAM) reflectance versus scan (RVS) is well-characterized by virtue that the VIIRS-CrIS differences show little or no dependence on scan angle. The VIIRS-IASI and VIIRS-CrIS findings closely agree for bands M13, M15, and M16 for warm scenes but small offsets exist at cold scenes for M15, M16, and particularly M13. IASI comparisons also show that spectral out-of-band influence on the VIIRS SDR is <0.05 K for all bands across the full dynamic range with the exception of very cold scenes in Band M13 where the OOB influence reaches 0.10 K. TEB performance, outside of small adjustments to the SDR algorithm and supporting look-up tables, has been very stable through 18 months on-orbit. Preliminary analysis from an S-NPP underflight using a NASA ER-2 aircraft with the SHIS instrument (NIST-traceable source) confirms TEB SDR accuracy as compliant for a typical warm earth scene (285-290 K).

Proceedings Article | 23 September 2013 Paper

VIIRS thermal emissive bands on-orbit calibration coefficient performance using vicarious calibration results

D. Moyer, C. Moeller, F. De Luccia

Proceedings Volume 8866, 88661O (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2023809

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Infrared radiation, Reflectivity, Thermography, Space operations, Long wavelength infrared, Infrared sensors, Black bodies, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

Suomi NPP VIIRS spectral characterization: understanding multiple RSR releases

Chris Moeller, Jeff McIntire, Tom Schwarting, Dave Moyer, Juliette Costa

Proceedings Volume 8510, 85101S (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.980437

KEYWORDS: Space operations, Sensors, Aerospace engineering, Quality measurement, Polarization, Aerosols, Infrared radiation, Long wavelength infrared, Clouds, Signal to noise ratio

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

The NASA enhanced MODIS airborne simulator

Thomas Ellis, Jeffrey Myers, Patrick Grant, Steven Platnick, Daniel Guerin, John Fisher, Kai Song, Joseph Kimchi, Louis Kilmer, Daniel LaPorte, Christopher Moeller

Proceedings Volume 8153, 81530N (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894482

KEYWORDS: Spectroscopy, Calibration, Telescopes, MODIS, Short wave infrared radiation, Device simulation, Long wavelength infrared, Satellites, Sensors, Mid-IR

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

VIIRS F1 "best" relative spectral response characterization by the government team

Chris Moeller, Jeff McIntire, Tom Schwarting, Dave Moyer

Proceedings Volume 8153, 81530K (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894552

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Signal to noise ratio, MODIS, Camera shutters, Aerospace engineering, Optical filters, Absorption, Optical design, Polarization, Long wavelength infrared

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Proceedings Article | 27 September 2007 Paper

Improvement of low temperature estimation for MODIS thermal emissive bands by adjusting calibration offset and nonlinear terms

A. Wu, X. Xiong, B. Wenny, C. Moeller, N. Chen, K. Chiang

Proceedings Volume 6677, 66771H (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.730478

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Temperature metrology, Calibration, Sensors, Long wavelength infrared, Mid-IR, Infrared radiation, Space operations, Mirrors, Black bodies

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2007 Paper

Aqua MODIS L1B radiometric accuracy update for TIR bands: Tahoe 2006 field data from the NASA ER-2

Christopher Moeller, Simon Hook, Robert Knuteson, David Tobin

Proceedings Volume 6677, 66770N (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.734577

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Ozone, Satellites, Calibration, Sensors, Clouds, Atmospheric corrections, Atmospheric modeling, Infrared imaging, Thermography

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2006 Paper

Assessing MODIS LWIR band calibration accuracy

Christopher Moeller, Simon Hook, David Tobin, Von Walden

Proceedings Volume 6296, 62960B (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.680933

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Long wavelength infrared, Mirrors, Temperature metrology, Optical filters, Atmospheric modeling, Black bodies, Sensors, Spectral resolution

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2006 Paper

Recent efforts to validate EOS observations. Hyperspectral data noise characterization using PCA: application to AIRS

David Tobin, Henry Revercomb, Paolo Antonelli, Kenneth Vinson, Steven Dutcher, Robert Knuteson, Joseph Taylor, Fred Best, Chris Moeller, Mathew Gunshor

Proceedings Volume 6301, 630107 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.683981

KEYWORDS: Principal component analysis, Black bodies, Statistical analysis, Sensors, Optical filters, Detector arrays, Inspection, Error analysis, Shortwaves, Spectral resolution

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Proceedings Article | 30 November 2004 Paper

Validation of Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) spectral radiances with the Scanning High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (S-HIS) aircraft instrument

David Tobin, Henry Revercomb, Chris Moeller, Robert Knuteson, Fred Best, William Smith, Paul van Delst, Daniel LaPorte, Scott Ellington, Mark Werner, Ralph Dedecker, Raymond Garcia, Nick Ciganovich, Hugh Howell, Steven Dutcher, Joe Taylor

Proceedings Volume 5571, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.566060

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Infrared radiation, Spectral resolution, Space operations, Interferometers, Climatology, Sensors, Black bodies, Environmental sensing

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Proceedings Article | 10 November 2003 Paper

Assessment of Aqua MODIS and AIRS TIR band L1B radiances using ER-2-based observations during TX-2002

Christopher Moeller, Robert Knuteson, David Tobin, Henry Revercomb, W. Paul Menzel

Proceedings Volume 5151, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.507799

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Calibration, Long wavelength infrared, Atmospheric corrections, Clouds, Satellites, Thermography, Infrared radiation, Knowledge management

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Proceedings Article | 18 January 2002 Paper

Radiometric evaluation of MODIS emissive bands through comparison to ER-2-based MAS data

Christopher Moeller, Daniel LaPorte, Henry Revercomb, W. Paul Menzel

Proceedings Volume 4483, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453456

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Mirrors, Atmospheric corrections, Long wavelength infrared, Atmospheric modeling, Mid-IR, Reflectivity, Sensors, Ozone

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The calibration accuracy of the Moderate resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) on Terra near its one year anniversary of first light has been assessed using ER-2 aircraft underflights during the Terra eXperiment (TX-2001) in the spring, 2001. The ER-2, equipped with the MAS and SHIS instruments, underflew Terra several times viewing clear sky earth scenes of the Gulf of Mexico. MAS and SHIS form a powerful tandem, combining high spatial resolution imaging with high spectral resolution sampling in the midwave to longwave infrared region. The assessment is based on co-located MODIS and MAS fields of view with matching viewing geometry and removes spatial and spectral dependencies. The MAS L1B calibration accuracy is improved by transferring the SHIS calibration accuracy (conservatively 0.5 K) to MAS. The early results of two days from TX-2001 indicate that MODIS bands are performing well, but not optimally. The MODIS MWIR window bands appear to be close to the 0.75 - 1% radiometric accuracy specification for the uniform warm, low reflectance scenes assessed, perhaps suggesting that known electronic crosstalk in MODIS SWIR and MWIR bands is small for such scenes. MODIS LWIR window bands show residuals of about 0.5 K to 0.6 K, larger than the 0.5% radiometric accuracy specification. However with the 0.5 K (window bands) to 1 K (atmospheric bands) uncertainties associated with the current assessment, it is not possible to definitively state whether these MODIS bands are or are not within specification. MODIS LWIR atmospheric CO₂ bands appear to perform near the 1% accuracy specification with the exception of bands 35 and 36, the upper tropospheric CO₂ bands at 13.9micrometers and 14.1micrometers . Different MODIS viewing geometry on the two days seems to suggest that scan mirror reflectance dependence on mirror angles may be influencing the MODIS L1B calibration for some bands, most notably the 8.6micrometers and LWIR CO₂ bands; however this assessment is dependent upon the accuracy of the spectral correction (a function of atmospheric conditions), which will be further investigated in coming months. It was surprising to find large MODIS residuals for several bands when the mirror angle to the earth scene closely matched that of when MODIS views its onboard blackbody.

Proceedings Article | 18 September 1997 Paper

Spectral characterization of MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS) LWIR bands and application to MODIS science data cloud products

Christopher Moeller, Daniel LaPorte, Pavel Hajek, Kathleen Strabala, W. Paul Menzel

Proceedings Volume 3117, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.283810

KEYWORDS: Clouds, MODIS, Calibration, Monochromators, Long wavelength infrared, Atmospheric modeling, Spectral calibration, Data modeling, Absorption, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 11 November 1996 Paper

Blackbody emissivity considerations for radiometric calibration of the MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS) thermal channels

Christopher Moeller, Patrick Grant, Daniel LaPorte, Liam Gumley, Pavel Hajek, W. Paul Menzel, Jeffrey Myers, Susan White

Proceedings Volume 2820, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.258114

KEYWORDS: Black bodies, Calibration, Long wavelength infrared, Temperature metrology, MODIS, Short wave infrared radiation, Carbon dioxide, Absorption, Clouds, Spectral resolution

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