For a variety of training and simulation purposes even photo-realistic synthetic imagery is inadequate because of the impact of subtle effects on the eye and on other sensors. It is essential that the synthetic imagery is a physically accurate representation of the real-world and captures all the inherent variability of different backgrounds. CAMEO-SIM has been developed to meet these requirements. Recent work has improved the atmospheric modelling and thermal shadow simulation. In addition, novel concepts to introduce the three-dimensional spatial and spectral variability required are under consideration. It is essential that the fidelity of the imagery generated is evaluated, to ensure that it is 'fit for purpose'. Therefore a toolset, FIRE, has been developed. This toolset can assess metrics such as 'clutter level' within the image. A range of validation studies have been undertaken throughout the development of CAMEO-SIM. This paper will give an overview of the current capabilities of CAMEO-SIM and describe planned developments. The validation work will be reviewed, especially the recent work on thermal modelling and analysis using FIRE.
KEYWORDS: Defense and security, 3D modeling, Sensors, Atmospheric modeling, Electro optical modeling, Camouflage, Data modeling, 3D image processing, Image processing, Systems modeling
Within the military environment there is a growing interest in the use of synthetic imagery as a method for assessing the performance potential of many assets, such as camouflage systems, ATR/I systems, future sensor systems and the susceptibility of such systems to countermeasures. Field trials are expensive, subject to the vagaries of weather, and cannot be used to design or assess new systems and technologies. The requirements for high fidelity synthetic image simulation differ quite significantly dependent on the application area. The Camouflage Electro-Optic Simulation System (CAMEO-SIM) has been developed as a modular system to deliver 0.4-20 micron2 32-bit physics based synthetic imagery to defense researchers in the UK based on a 3D textured geometric representation of the synthetic environment. The system has been developed to be sufficiently flexible to support a wide range of defense applications requiring synthetic image streams as their inputs. The key difference between the CAMEO-SIM system and commercial image generation systems is that CAMEO-SIM is a first principle simulator working in spectral radiometric space solving the underlying physical equations of radiation transport. This difference underpins the military usefulness of the system and also enables the system to become predictive in nature. Using CAMEO-SIM, the user can examine the effects of changes in input parameters such as time of day, weather, material properties (optical and thermophysical), and wavelength from one set of geometric and textural information to assess the effects on the performance of the defense function being researched. If this goal can be achieved more robust defense function performance, due to larger available training sets or better understanding of the issues at the start of the development, will ensue. This paper outlines the development status of the CAMEO-SIM system and describes the current enhancements undertaken to improve the fidelity and accuracy of the system for more recent defense requirements. The paper also outlines the currently identified areas of development to provide improved capability. The paper also discusses the interaction between the CAMEO-SIM system and the Fidelity Investigation and Reporting Environment (FIRE) system. This enables the modeler to examine early in the modeling process the quality of the textural and geometric information used in the synthetic imagery.
Synthetic imagery is now used by a variety of military applications. In our application, we are using synthetic imagery to study the effectiveness of different camouflage techniques. The requirement is to be able to display high fidelity imagery of target vehicles against different background in different wavebands. For a complete assessment of camouflage the system should be able to account for the effect of target motion, interactions between the target and its environment and effects such as hot sources, e.g. engines. CAMEO-SIM has been developed to meet these requirements. It can generate physically accurate radiance images in any EO waveband between 0.4 and 14 microns. Sensor effects are added as post-process. The system is capable of modelling highly cluttered terrain scenes and delivers radiance values at each pixel. Recent extensions to CAMEO-SIM include true-color visible band imagery and simple multispectral image display for simulation of hyperspectral imagery. Visible band images are displayed on a calibrated monitor for assessment experiments using observers. Radiometric data are used by other models. A range of verification tests has shown that the software computes the correct values for analytically tractable scenarios. Validation tests using simple scenes have also been undertaken. More complex validation tests using observer trials are planned. This paper will describe the current version of CAMEO-SIM and how images it produces are used for camouflage assessment. The verification and validation tests undertaken will be discussed. In addition, example images will be used to demonstrate the significance of different effects such as spectral rendering and shadows. Planned developments of CAMEO- SIM will also be outlined.
The signature of any vehicle does not exist as an entity in its own right, but depends on the environment, the interaction between the environment and the vehicle, and the background against which it is detected by a sensor. CAMEO-SIM was initially developed as a broad-band (0.4 - 14 micron) scene generation system for the assessment of air vehicle camouflage effectiveness, but it can be used to simulate any kind of object and its interactions with the environment. The thermal, spectral, spatial and directional effects of sources, surfaces and the atmosphere are modeled in a fully three-dimensional environment. CAMEO-SIM was designed to be a scaleable system that can produce images to different levels of fidelity. Rendering time can be balanced against the fidelity required so that the images produced are 'fit for purpose;' in its lowest fidelity operation it can create real-time in-band imagery but when operated at its highest fidelity the subtle, complex spectral and spatial effects that arise in the real- world are more closely captured. This paper describes the current system, details the verification tests that have been undertaken, and discusses the significance of particular effects such as shadows, and directional reflectance, on the accuracy of the final image.
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