Previous research demonstrated that two-soliton interactions can lead to nonreciprocal soliton amplification, a mechanism that can accumulate energy for rogue wave formation as soliton interactions increase. The question arises whether three or more soliton collisions can lead to amplification or chaotic behavior, akin to the three-body problem in particle physics. Through experiments and simulations using a photorefractive potassium-lithium-tantalate-niobate (KTN:Li) crystal, our study explores multiple soliton collisions with strong nonreciprocal energy exchange. Chaotic dynamics and intense wave formation are observed after a collinear three-soliton collision. However, when an additional dimension without broken inversion symmetry is introduced, the solitons consistently fuse into an intense wave instead of exhibiting chaos. This insight highlights the role of dimensionality and nonreciprocal energy exchange in determining soliton behavior and rogue wave formation. The study underscores the analogy between solitons and particles, linking chaotic behavior in three-body physics to the emergence of rogue waves.
The race to heuristically solve non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP) problems through efficient methods is ongoing. Recently, optics was demonstrated as a promising tool to find the ground state of a spin-glass Ising Hamiltonian, which represents an archetypal NP problem. However, achieving completely programmable spin couplings in these large-scale optical Ising simulators remains an open challenge. Here, by exploiting the knowledge of the transmission matrix of a random medium, we experimentally demonstrate the possibility of controlling the couplings of a fully connected Ising spin system. By further tailoring the input wavefront we showcase the possibility of modifying the Ising Hamiltonian both by accounting for an external magnetic field and by controlling the number of degenerate ground states and their properties and probabilities. Our results represent a relevant step toward the realisation of fully-programmable Ising machines on thin optical platforms, capable of solving complex spin-glass Hamiltonians on a large scale.
We review our results on Ising machines by spatial light modulation. We report on their performance in simulating spin glasses and solving combinatorial optimization problems. We discuss different annealing strategies and recent developments.
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