Although the use of UV excimer lasers in photo-ablation and exposure applications is becoming more frequent, optical objectives for such applications are not widely available. In addition, high power UV excimer laser radiation limits the optical designer's choice of suitable materials and other design options when designing the beam delivery focusing objective. Now, however, a line of UV achromatic focusing objectives has been designed for photo-ablation applications. Thoroughly tested in the field, they are available as off-the- shelf standard components. Data are presented below on focal spot sizes, energy densities, and other focal characteristics for specific applications.
A method that uses a single algorithm to trace rays in isotropic media and both ordinary and extraordinary rays in uniaxial media is presented. This method is designed to be compatible with conventional raytracing algorithms so that it is easily integrated into existing ray-tracing programs. A discussion of ray doubling in systems containing multiple uniaxial elements is also presented.
An investigation of potential physical design bottlenecks in future broadband telecommunication switches has led to the identification of several areas where optical interconnections may play a role in the practical realization of required system performance. In the model used the speed and interconnection densities as well as requirements for ease-of-access and efficient power utilization challenge conventional partitioning and packaging strategies. Potential areas where optical interconnections may relieve some of the physical design bottlenecks include fiber management at the customer interface to the switch routing and distribution of high-density interconnections within the fabric of the switch and backplane interconnections to increase system throughput.
Interconnections not only " cost" systems in terms of dollars performance and space but they also " benefit" systems because they allow them to be partitioned into smaller more manageable subsystems. The physical design process needs to more explicitly characterize system partitioning impacts and evolve system design so as to balance these " costs" and " benefits" .
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