We developed a prototype portable LWIR hyperspectral system based on a commercial microbolometer array and a spectral interferometer to test its utility in the field. The complete system with sensor head, tripod, scan motor and batteries weighs 10.5 lbs. Field tests show peak SNR near 250, and spectral analysis was able to detect specific minerals at geologic sites in Arizona. The project showed the feasibility of very low cost LWIR hyperspectral systems.
Size, weight and power are traditionally limiting factors for unmanned airborne deployment of long wave infrared (LWIR) hyperspectral imaging systems. Spectrum Photonics’ novel HyCARS technology has resulted in the development of a near optimally sized cooled LWIR hyperspectral imaging system by integrating the spectral optics directly within the camera dewar. The completed HyCARS system, which includes an integrated zoom lens, roll correction, calibration and on-board processing, recently completed an airborne demonstration. The HyCARS system design approach, performance specifications, airborne platform integration, results from recent flight testing, and pathways for future development will be described.
Recent developments in reducing the cost and mass of hyperspectral sensors have enabled more widespread use for short range compositional imaging applications. HSI in the long wave infrared (LWIR) is of interest because it is sensitive to spectral phenomena not accessible to other wavelengths, and because of its inherent thermal imaging capability. At Spectrum Photonics we have pursued compact LWIR hyperspectral sensors both using microbolometer arrays and compact cryogenic detector cameras. Our microbolometer-based systems are principally aimed at short standoff applications, currently weigh 10-15 lbs and feature sizes approximately 20x20x10 cm, with sensitivity in the 1-2 microflick range, and imaging times on the order of 30 seconds. Our systems that employ cryogenic arrays are aimed at medium standoff ranges such as nadir looking missions from UAVs. Recent work with cooled sensors has focused on Strained Layer Superlattice (SLS) technology, as these detector arrays are undergoing rapid improvements, and have some advantages compared to HgCdTe detectors in terms of calibration stability. These sensors include full on-board processing sensor stabilization so are somewhat larger than the microbolometer systems, but could be adapted to much more compact form factors. We will review our recent progress in both these application areas.
We demonstrate a remote sensing method, based on an imaging polarimetric spectrometer, to determine the complex refractive index of materials. The approach represents an adaptation of a technique used in semiconductor ellipsometry. Our experimental demonstration setup comprises a Sagnac-type LWIR spatial interferometer (8 - 12 micron) designed for hyperspectral imaging in emission and reflection. The method facilitates direct measurement of the complex refractive index and the thickness of a layer. Presented work focuses on SF96, a liquid surrogate for toxic chemicals, but the method is generally applicable to solids, including soils, and to any substrate with a general bidirectional reflectance distribution function.
Chemical micro-imaging is a powerful tool for the detection and identification of analytes of interest against a
cluttered background (i.e. trace explosive particles left behind in a fingerprint). While a variety of groups have
demonstrated the efficacy of Raman instruments for these applications, point by point or line by line acquisition of a
targeted field of view (FOV) is a time consuming process if it is to be accomplished with useful spatial resolutions.
Spectrum Photonics has developed and demonstrated a prototype system utilizing long wave infrared hyperspectral
microscopy, which enables the simultaneous collection of LWIR reflectance spectra from 8-14 μm in a 30 x 7 mm
FOV with 30 μm spatial resolution in 30 s. An overview of the uncooled Sagnac-based LWIR HSM system will be
given, emphasizing the benefits of this approach. Laboratory Hyperspectral data collected from custom mixtures
and fingerprint residues is shown, focusing on the ability of the LWIR chemical micro-imager to detect chemicals of
interest out of a cluttered background.
Fourier transform spectroscopy is a widely employed method for obtaining visible and infrared spectral imagery, with
applications ranging from the desktop to remote sensing. Most fielded Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) employ the
Michelson interferometer and measure the spectrum encoded in a time-varying signal imposed by the source spectrum
interaction with the interferometer. A second, less widely used form of FTS is the spatial FTS, where the spectrum is
encoded in a pattern sampled by a detector array.
Recently we described using a Fabry-Perot interferometer, with a deliberately wedged gap geometry and engineered
surface reflectivities, to produce an imaging spatial FTS. The Fabry-Perot interferometer can be much lighter and more
compact than a conventional interferometer configuration, thereby making them suitable for portable and handheld
applications. This approach is suitable for use over many spectral regimes of interest, including visible and infrared
regions. Primary efforts to date have focused on development and demonstration of long wave infrared (LWIR) spectral
imagers.
The LWIR version of the miniaturized Fabry-Perot has been shown to be effective for various applications including
spectral imaging-based chemical detection. The compact LWIR spectral imager employs uncooled optics and a
microbolometer camera; a handheld version is envisioned for future development. Recent advancements associated with
the spatial Fourier Transform imaging spectrometer system are described.
ICx Nomadics has developed the first known real-time sensor system that is capable of detecting chemical
signatures emanating from underwater explosives, based upon the same amplifying fluorescent polymer (AFP)
fluorescence-quenching transduction mechanism that the Fido® family of explosives detectors utilizes. The SeaPup
is capable of real-time detection of the trace chemical signatures emanating from submerged explosive compounds
and has been successfully tested on various marine platforms, including a crawler robot, an autonomous underwater
vehicle (AUV), and a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV).
The present work is focused on advances in underwater in-situ chemical sensing; wherein trace amounts of
dissolved explosive compounds may be detected and discriminated from other chemical species found in the marine
environment. Recent progress with the SeaPup platform have focused on increasing the sensitivity of the AFP
matrix through the development of a preconcentration system designed to harvest explosive analytes from a larger
sample volume over a predetermined period of time. This permits real time monitoring of chemical plumes during
the approach to a potential source, combined with the lowered limit of detection from extended sampling of targeted
items.
SeaPup has been shown to effectively map "explosive scent plumes" emanating from an underwater source of TNT,
and the preconcentration system has previously been demonstrated to enhance sensitivity be over 2 orders of
magnitude in a time window of minutes.
Interaction of highly excited electrons in nonequilibrium states with the lattice in metals has been studied using femtosecond pulse lasers. Two ablation regimes are identified as the optical and energy penetration by examining the fluence dependence of ablated depth per pulse. Surface structuring and surface compositioning of metal substrates using a femtosecond pulsed laser irradiation is characterized with the SEM images as a function of laser fluence. Laser ablation provides a mechanism to facilitate an achievement of a nano- and microstructuring on the metal surface. Based on our results, ultrashort pulse provides wide competitive range of applications in surface structuring and patterning from nano- to microdimensional scales.
Surface modification of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 using femtosecond pulsed excimer laser irradiation was studied at 248 nm. The images of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were characterized as a function of incident laser fluence. Results indicated that the surface features, ranging from nano- to microdimension, can be developed through variation in laser fluence intensities and pulse counts. Two ablation regimes in the logarithmic fluence dependence of the ablated depth for the 500 fs-pulse irradiation were observed. The theoretical analysis for ablation processes is in a good agreement with the experimental results.
Laser processing of metallic surfaces using a fs pulse laser has bene shown to produce novel effects. We demonstrate nanoscaled surface texturing effects of aluminum alloy 2024 using femtosecond pulse laser irradiation. The laser source is a 248-nm excimer laser with a pulse width of 500fs delivering a laser output fluence in a range from 0.02 to 10 J/cm2. The micrographs of the scanning electron microscopy have been characterized as a function of incident laser fluence. Results indicate that the surface futures, ranging from nanoscale to microns, can be developed through variation in fluence intensities. Advantages of femtosecond pulse laser for precise metal microstructuring and physical mechanisms for ultrashort pulse laser ablation have been discussed.
Photoupconverted emission and wavelength-dependent optical limiting and non linearity have been reported in fullerene C60 and its complex C60[W(CO)3diphos] toluene solutions and sol gel films. Up converted emission indicates the absorption and emission from upper-lying excited states. Significant improvement of optical limiting performance in C60[W(CO)3diphos] compared to C60 has been achieved in a wide spectral range. Optical non linearity increases with the increment of wavelength.
Laser processing of metallic surfaces in use of fs pulse laser has been shown to produce novel effects. We demonstrate nanoscaled surface texturing effects of aluminum alloy 2024 using femtosecond pulse laser irradiation. The laser source is a 496 nm dye laser with 500 fs pulse width in a range of laser output fluence from 0.02 to 10 J/cm2. Results indicate that the surface futures, ranging from nanoscale to 20 microns, can be developed through variation intensities. Advantages of femtosecond pulse laser for precise metal microstructuring and physical mechanisms for ultrashort pulse laser ablation have been discussed.
In this paper, we describe up-converted luminescence and reverse saturation absorption of metalloporphyrins of CuTPPS and ZnTPPS in aluminosilicate sol-gel materials. The photo- upconversion luminescence is believed to arise from the radiative recombination of the second excited singlet (singdoublet) state. These effects are attributed to the higher excited state absorption. The dynamic analysis for the excited state processes indicates that the saturation or reverse saturation absorption is dependent on the ratio of the average absorption cross-section of the excited states to that of the ground state. The absorption cross-sections of the excited states are estimated.
Pulsed lasers are becoming a popular tool for the deposition of coatings and active layers. A series of thin films composed of binary, tertiary, and quaternary II-VI semiconductors was coated onto silica substrates by the pulsed laser deposition technique, using a xenon chloride excimer laser. The semiconductor films produced by this technique included both films made from a single semiconductor target already containing the desired final stoichiometry and films made by depositing alternating layers from targets of different semiconductor compositions. The optical behaviors of the resultant films were characterized by absorption spectroscopy.
Excimer laser irradiation has been shown to yield unique results when used to process metallic surfaces. We have investigated surface texturing effects on 2024 aluminum alloy specimens. A pulsed XeCl excimer laser was used to generate irradiation fluences ranging from well below to substantially above the ablation threshold. Our results indicate that novel micron-dimensioned surface texturing is achieved over selected fluence regimes. At elevated fluences, texturing is lost due to the extensive surface- melting process. Under certain conditions, sub-micron dimensioned surface structures were generated.
Fluorescence spectroscopy of diseased tissues, including chemical-induced rat liver, kidney and testis lesions, as well as murine mammary tumor, was studied. The rat liver, kidney and testis tissues were excited by radiation of 350 and 366 nm, which appeared to provide the optimal differentiation between normal and lesion tissues; the tumor tissues were excited by both 350 nm and 775 nm wavelengths. In comparison with normal liver tissue, at (lambda) ex equals 366 nm, the fluorescent spectrum of liver lesion showed a clear red shift around the emission peak of 470 nm, the major native fluorescent peak of organized tissue. When excited by 350 nm wavelength, all the chemically induced lesion tissues (liver, kidney and testis) appeared to cause a significant reduction of emission intensity at the 470 nm peak. While the 775 nm excitation did not reveal any significant difference among tumor, muscle and skin tissues, the 350 nm excitation did provide some interesting features among the tumor tissues at different stages. Compared with muscle tissue, the viable tumor showed an overall reduction of emission intensity around 470 nm. In addition, the viable tumor tissue showed a secondary emission peak at 390 nm with necrotic tumor tissue having a reduced intensity. The histology of both viable and necrotic tumor tissue was examined and appeared to correlate with the results of the fluorescent spectroscopy observation.
Optical absorption and emission behavior have been investigated in aluminosilicate sol-gel materials containing the sodium salt of tetra-4-sulfonatophenylporphyrinatocopper(II). Concentration-dependent nonlinear absorption was observed in the porphyrin-doped specimens. Up-converted optical emission from the second excited doublet band was studied, and a saturated behavior was observed as a function of incoming excitation energies. These phenomena have been attributed to excited state absorption from both doublet and quartet manifolds. Intersystem crossing and quartet-quartet absorption effects are believed to dominate the nonlinear processes, especially in the case of strong excitation. Rate equation analysis also suggests that the quartet manifold is extensively involved for intersystem relaxation and excited state absorption. Good agreement was obtained between experimental observations and the presented rate equations.
Organically modified silicates (Ormosils) have been applied as matrices in the preparation of CdS-doped glassy nanocomposites via a low temperature route. EDX spectra show that a CdS concentration up to about 20 wt.% has been obtained. The CdS microcrystallites of hexagonal wurtzite structure with average particle size in the range of 20 to 120 angstroms were formed within Ormosils matrices. The quantum confinement effects were clearly observed in samples with smaller particle sizes from absorption and photoluminescence excitation spectra. High- quality CdS-doped films with enough thickness have been prepared by spin-coating for waveguide device application. The Ormosils used are thermally stable up to 360 degree(s)C which is higher than the processing temperature for normal integrated circuits. The nonlinear optical properties of these nanocomposites measured by degenerated four wave mixing technique on picosecond time scales using a Nd+3:YAG laser at 532 nm are described.
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