Polymer nonfullerene solar cells are emerging as an alternative of polymer fullerene solar cells. However, maximizing the short-circuit density and open-circuit voltage is a critical issue in these solar cells. Here, using ultrafast spectroscopy, we measured exciton relaxation and charge separation dynamics in polymer nonfullerene blend with low driving force. Our study indicates high polaron yield despite the energy loss of as low as 0.59 eV. This suggests that the small driving force has minimum detrimental effect in realizing high performance in polymer nonfullerene solar cells.
Optically active nanodiamond particles remain one of the most popular research topics due to the photoluminescent properties of crystallographic defects in the diamond lattice, referred to as color centers. A number of groups are currently undertaking efforts to commercialize this material. Recently, our group succeeded in large-scale production of fluorescent diamond particles containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in hundred-gram per batch scales using irradiation with 2-3 MeV electrons. Production of ND-NV fractions with median sizes ranging between 10 nm and 100 nm was achieved. While 100 nm fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are ~10x brighter than a conventional dye (Atto 532), the brightness of FNDs drops with decreasing particle size. Because of this, significant efforts must be undertaken to elucidate the size/brightness compromise and identify relevant application niches for FND in bioimaging and biolabeling. In order for a new material to be considered for applications in the overcrowded optical reagent market, the reagent must be convenient to use by an end user from the biomedical community, be validated both in vitro and in vivo, and offer measurable and significant (rather than incremental) benefit to end users in specific applications. This paper reports on the characteristics of the ultrasmall (10-40nm) and larger fluorescent nanodiamonds as well as our efforts toward their adaptation for use in the biological science community.
Studies of multiphoton molecular resonant absorption (MPA) processes in polyatomic molecules induced by intense picosecond infrared laser radiation provide a successful method to investigate the dynamics of nonlinear molecular excitation and laser-controlled photophysical and photochemical reactions. We present the 10 micrometers picosecond pulse laser technique and the results of experimental study of the multiphoton absorption and THG in SF6 and C2H4.
KEYWORDS: Neurons, Neural networks, Computer simulations, Systems modeling, Visual process modeling, Device simulation, Artificial neural networks, Signal processing, Data modeling, Computing systems
Organizational principles of software for arbitrary neural networks simulation are formulated, and a practical software system realizing these principles is described. While using this software, maximum automation of simulated neural networks structure synthesis is possible, and the necessary flexibility of arbitrarily organized neurocomputers description synthesis is preserved. Wide possibilities for simulation modes control and for simulated neural networks' states display are available.
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