Results from an experimental polarimetric investigation of 7 different types of land mines and 3 types of plants
with the aim to explore the possibility in discriminating surface land mines from natural backgrounds are presented.
The samples Mueller matrices at both specular and non-specular angles during 405 nm 1570 nm laser
illumination were collected. Also included in this study is reflection spectra from the mines taken from 400 to
2500 nm as well as actual images of surface land mines hidden in a natural environment during different weather
conditions. The mines had a reflection coefficient between 5-15 % with peak values around 510 nm due to the
embedded green pigment. The mines were found to be less reflective in wet compared to dry conditions. The
polarimetric study revealed that the samples had similar retardance and diattenuation values for small incident
angles, but that discrimination between the samples could be made by monitoring the depolarization of the incident
light for several incident angles, as a function of the angular distribution of scattered light. The land mines
generally experience less depolarization than the investigated plants, specifically for specular angles around 1570
nm where the mines act as a non-depolarizing sample with depolarization index close to 1.0. The depolarization
index is significantly smaller for specular angles from the plants, becoming 0.4 or below. Both plants and mines
experience more depolarization for non-specular angles. A non-specular angular scan with a constant bi-static
angle resulted in a Lorentzian shaped depolarization index curve, with characteristic differences in the fitted
line-shape parameters. Remote laser based polarimetry might thus be a promising supplementary technique
in recognizing surface mines or other related man-made objects from a natural background. Conclusively, the
depolarization index as a function of angular distribution of scattered light along with its wavelength dependence
is a metric that produce significant differences in the polarimetric signatures.
We report on the design and performance test of a multiple laser Mueller matrix ellipsometer (MME). The MME is well conditioned due to the integration of the recently reported achromatic 132-deg compensators based on biprisms, in combination with high-quality Glan-Thompson polarizers. The system currently operates between 300 and 2700 nm, without the need to change any optical components except for the detector. Four lasers are employed as light sources (405, 532, 633, and 1570 nm) to test the performance in both reflection and transmission modes. Thus, the system is used to determine the Mueller matrices and associated optical constants of known optical systems: 1. optical rotatory power of D-glucose in solution, 2. reflection of a native oxide c-Si wafer, and 3. the properties of a liquid crystal spatial light modulator. The results show that the system matrices of the MME have condition numbers between the optimal and 2 during operation, resulting in small experimental errors. To the best of our knowledge, there is no other MME reported with such good conditioning over a comparably wide spectral range.
The optimal design over a broad spectral range of Liquid Crystal (LC) based Polarisation State Generators (PSG) and
Polarisation State Analyzers (PSA), requires detailed knowledge of the spectral behaviour of the LCs. The full Mueller
matrix measurement formalism based on the Eigenvalue Calibration Method, does in principle not require an exact
modelling of the polarizing components, however, it is required that the condition number for both the PSG and the PSA
is close to optimum over a wide spectral range. Two LC technologies are investigated here, Ferroelectric LC (FLC), and
Liquid Crystal Variable Retarders (LCVR). In the case of a FLC based PSG, additional components, such as fixed
retarders also need to be properly characterised in order for a proper broad spectral optimal design. These issues are here
studied by characterizing the FLCs, the LCVRs and the fixed retarders with the help of a commercial visible Mueller
matrix ellipsometer, and a polarizer-rotating sample-rotating analyzer near infra red set-up. The results are analyzed in
the framework of the optimal condition number over a broad spectral range.
We present the first demonstration of measurements of velocity and direction of flow using Transversal Doppler Optical
Coherence Tomography. The experiments are carried out using a four-channel quadrant detector at the output of a freespace
Michelson interferometer. This allows real three dimensional mapping of both flow and velocity with no
limitation on the Doppler angle.
We report on the initial time-resolved luminescense and nonlinear absorption properties of two polythiophenes 3-substituted with chiral charged amino acid-derivatized substituents, POWT and POMT. The photo-physical characterization yielded quantum efficiency typically in the range 0.01 - 0.1, however, with two-photon absorption cross-section better than or similar to a typical two-photon reference chromophore, such as fluorescein. They were tested as conformational sensitive optical probes for the recording of pH-induced conformational changes of synthetic peptides, proteins and samples of protein amyloid fibrils characteristic of amyloid related diseases. Particularly, the POMT polyelectrolyte with the L-enantiomeric side chains is shown to favor this induction of well defined structure as judged by the circular dichroic signal as well as a stronger enhancement of luminescense for the L-form over the D-form complex. Furthermore, time-resolved fluorescense and two-photon induced fluorescence both also showed a difference in the complexation with the D and L form. This shows that the multi-photon excitation path can be an efficient means for chiral recognition of biomolecular complexes. It is demonstrated how the conjugated polyelectrolyte L-POMT can be used to spectrally image the formation of amyloid fibrils of insulin using both one- and two-photon absorption based fluorescence imaging.
The use of liquid crystal spatial light modulators in applications, require good characterization of phase, polarization and amplitude shifting properties. This report presents a new approach for simultaneously characterizing the depolarization and controlling the polarization properties of a reflective twisted nematic liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC SLM). The SLM was set up as a part of a Michelson interferometer. The phase response was determined by using a piezo-electric actuator for phase stepping in the reference arm. During the polarization measurement the reference beam was removed and the polarization state of the input and output was determined by a polarization state generator (PSG) and a polarization state analyzer (PSA), each consisting of a polarizer and a quarter-wave plate. Hereby, both phase response and polarization control properties could be determined independently in the same measurement configuration simply by changing static polarization components. The systematic rotation of the quarter wave plates of the PSG and the PSA using stepper motors gives out-put data whose Fourier transform in terms of angular frequency components can be used to determine all the elements of the Mueller matrix. The Mueller matrix of a commercial SLM (Holoeye LC-2500) was determined for 17 evenly spaced voltage levels addressed to the SLM.
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