The evaluation of the characteristics of a dental restorative material is based on several criteria such as the
ability of the material to resist to potential degradation, its durability, the stress it exerts on the residual dental structures,
its resistance to surface wear, and its resistance to fracture. All these important factors must be taken into account and
tested when developing a new dental restorative material. Glass ionomer cements (GIC) possess unique properties,
including adhesion to tooth structure, bioactivity and fluoride release. The objective of this study is to evaluate by
analyzing the dynamics of the polarized speckle field how GIC samples, prepared according to two different methods
and conserved in water at 35°C, deteriorate.
Glass-ionomer cements (GIC) belong to the class of materials known as acid-base cements. The drying process of these materials and the evolution of their physical properties play an important role in the quality and durability of dental care. Since monitoring these processes contributes to the improvement of the knowledge on these materials, we aim in our work to monitor in real-time hardening of GIC using dynamic speckle. Speckle images are temporally analyzed by computing the temporal correlation coefficient. The temporal correlation curves present a Lorentzian profile, which characteristics vary during GIC hardening process.
This paper presents an application of laser speckle imaging method to characterize the kinetic growth of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Numbers of parameters, such as speckle grain size and spatial contrast, are considered in order to characterize the culture medium and to monitor in real time the fermentation process. We show that the grain size and the contrast of the speckle image decrease with the increase of the cells concentration. The correlation of speckle results with optical density measurements shows the effectiveness of dynamic speckle for real-time monitoring of Bt cells growth kinetics.
Dental erosion starts with a chemical attack on dental tissue causing tooth demineralization, altering the tooth structure and making it more sensitive to mechanical erosion. Medical diagnosis of dental erosion is commonly achieved through a visual inspection by the dentist during dental checkups and is therefore highly dependent on the operator’s experience. The detection of this disease at preliminary stages is important since, once the damage is done, cares become more complicated. We investigate the difference in light-scattering properties between healthy and eroded teeth. A change in light-scattering properties is observed and a transition from volume to surface backscattering is detected by means of polarized laser speckle imaging as teeth undergo acid etching, suggesting an increase in enamel surface roughness.
Physical and mechanical properties of cork allow it solving many types of problems and make it suitable for a wide range of applications. Our objective consists into studying cork’s water absorption by analyzing the dynamic speckle field using the temporal correlation method. Experimental results show that the medium was inert at first with the absence of activity, and as the cap cork was more and more immersed into water, the presence of the activity becomes more significant. This temporal parameter revealed the sensibility of biospeckle method to monitor the amount of absorbed water by cork caps.
Changes in scatterers dimensions, size proportions, scattering coefficients, refractive index etc. can be detected and quantified using laser speckle analysis. In this study, we consider samples designed for this study with controlled scatterers sizes and proportions. A good agreement between experimental results performed on media with controlled parameters, fruits undergoing maturation, and Monte Carlo simulations is demonstrated.
Our study is based on using a non-invasive technique, the bio-speckle technique, in order to follow the ripening
of fruits during different stages: before and after the climacteric stage. To assess the impact of the ripening
of fruits on their optical properties, speckle grain is measured and the variation of its dimensions is evaluated.
In addition, and in order to correlate this observation with the degradation of chlorophylls, both a physical
approach based on recording the fluorescence spectrum of chlorophylls, and a biochemical approach based on a
pigmentation analysis, are used. We therefore show the efficiency of biospeckle metrology for monitoring fruit
maturation.
Human liver biopsy samples, consisting into a 16 μm thickness biomaterial chemically fixed into a formaldehyde
matrix, and stained by red picrosirius dye, are analysed for different states of fibrosis degeneration. Polarimetric
methods, and specially Mueller polarimetry based on wavelength coding, have been qualified as an efficient tool
to describe many different biological aspects. The polarimetric characteristics of the media, extracted from a Lu
and Chipman decomposition1, 2 of their Mueller Matrix (MM), are correlated with the degeneracy level of tissue.
Different works and results linked to the clinical analysis will be presented and compared to previous performed
works.3 Polarimetric imaging will be presented and compared with SHG measurements. A statistical analysis of
the distribution of polarimetric parameters (such as the retardance R and depolarisation Pd) will be presented
too, in order to characterise the liver fibrosis level into the biomaterial under study.
The investigation of the speckle fields obtained from biological fluids or tissues, can be used in medical applications, as an experimental non invasive method to get informations using low cost and low energy lasers. We give a few examples concerning the application of speckle and polarization analysis in the investigation of blood coagulation, platelets aggregation and deterioration of skin by gamma radiation.
We report on the use, in an Optical Coherence Tomography system, of a shaker with a frequency-modulated driving waveform to avoid non-linearities. The device permits to modulate the interferometric signal simply by the displacing the shaker and to recover the OCT signal in depth.
KEYWORDS: Speckle, Plasma, Blood, Atomic force microscopy, Signal processing, Time metrology, Laser scattering, Electronic filtering, Turbulence, Linear filtering
Up to now, no technique was available to perform inventories and surveys of immersed macroalgae. This article presents a method making it possible to discriminate between macroalgae and sea-floor and to identify the various macroalgae groups. To our knowledge, this is the first EEM of macroalgae ever carried out allowing the identification of the spectral characteristics of each macroalgae group. Fluorescence imaging provides the spatial dimension besides spectral properties. An OPO laser excites a test scene of macroalgae in a sea-water aquarium. Laser-induced fluorescence images from 400 nm to 640 nm displayed by steps of 10 nm are filtered at 680 nm. Their analysis, combined to the water depth parameter, leads to an identification method for macroalgae groups in a false-color image: each of the three macroalgae groups is enhanced by one defined threshold on this false-color image.
Detecting and identifying targets immersed in draught zone are necessary for a safe navigation. But with today technologies it is very difficult to do it from a ship. Nowadays, this detection still stays a challenge, because sonars are inefficient in the zone just under the waterline. In our laboratory we succeeded in using lidar as a complementary tool of the sonar. With optical detection, active imagery, various immersed targets were detected, identified and classified according to a Mueller matrix and whatever the perturbations on the sea surface and the wind conditions. The possibility of using a particular polarimetric codage with optical signal is discussed in this paper. The aim was to demonstrate that our lidar tool can be improved by choosing the best polarimetric couple in emission and detection.
Polarimetry has become an indispensable analysis tool, in remote sensing as well as in radar metrology. In the same way, it is possible to characterize immersed targets illuminated by a laser beam, by using signal polarization. Here our purpose is to discriminate them in relation with their depolarizing and diffusing properties. Using the Stokes-Mueller formalism and Gil- Bernabeu depolarization criterion, we have synthesized two different types of images from which we build analysis methods. In this paper, we present different results for some characteristic samples.
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