40-Hz visual stimulation (VS) and near-infrared (NIR) light transcranial photobiomodulation (PBM) have been increasingly receiving attention in phototherapy of Alzheimer disease (AD). Both of them can be effectively employed to suppress the progression of AD. The present report includes a comparative study of different light stimulation parameters (40Hz pulsed irradiation from 808 nm laser or visible LED) to assess the therapeutic efficacy. Our research has revealed that PBM irradiation with AD mice model displayed the considerable attenuation of the accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) plagues by using fluorescence staining and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy of Aβ peptide plaques in the brain slices. Meanwhile, we also evaluated the Aβ plagues by in vivo imaging which combined TPEF and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. The cerebral amyloid angiopathy and multiple Aβ plagues was much less pronounced in AD mice which were treated by PBM.
KEYWORDS: In vivo imaging, In vitro testing, Alzheimer's disease, Microscopy, Luminescence, Light emitting diodes, Tissues, Near infrared, Visualization, Two photon imaging
A significant amount of recent studies reported use of photobiomodulation (PBM) to slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Less reports on improving the PBM therapeutic efficiency by optimizing light parameters. Our findings demonstrate that PBM effect in in vitro and in vivo AD models significantly depends on wavelength, dose and mode (continuous wave or pulsed) of irradiation. While the viability and anti-inflammatory activity of amyloid-β (Aβ) treated cultured neurons and microglia were improved after irradiation with 808 nm light, Aβ plagues accumulation and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the AD mice brain were best attenuated after stimulation with 40 Hz pulsed 808 nm or spectrally broad visible light, which also improved spatial learning and memory abilities.Future research can involve simultaneous or sequential stimulation with visible and NIR pulsed light in optimize wavelengths, dose and frequencies to achieve efficient AD therapy.
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