The COronal Diagnostic EXperiment (CODEX) is the solar coronagraph developed by NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center in collaboration with the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), and the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF). CODEX will be launched in September 2024 and will be hosted by the International Space Station (ISS) as an external payload. CODEX is designed to observe the linearly polarized K-corona within the wavelength range 385-440 nm to obtain simultaneous measurements of density, temperature, and radial velocity of the coronal electrons. CODEX is a two-stage externally occulted coronagraph, with a field of view of 2.67 degrees, featuring two fold mirrors, and a series of occulting elements that minimize the amount of diffracted light reaching the detector. The polarization of the solar corona is measured by means of a commercial polarization image sensor manufactured by Sony, the IMX253MZR, that spatially modulates the incoming light beam. The polarimetric characterization of the instrument is one of the fundamental steps to derive the desired physical quantities of the solar corona from observations. It is hence crucial to understand how the instrument modifies the incident polarized light, especially due to the presence of the two fold mirror system within the light path, which is notoriously a source of polarization aberrations. This work describes the polarimetric characterization of the CODEX coronagraph, to determine an estimation of the instrumental polarization, and the results are presented.
The COronal Diagnostic EXperiment (CODEX) is a Heliophysics mission to measure the density, temperature, and velocity of the electrons in the solar corona with the primary goal of improving our understanding of the physical conditions of the solar wind in the acceleration region. The temperature and velocity measurement requires much higher signal-to-noise ratio than the density measurements. In solar coronagraphs, the diffraction of the solar disk light due to the occulting element is the dominant source of noise. Therefore, to further suppress the diffracted sun light with respect to the existing coronagraphs is a critical element of the CODEX design. To minimize the stray light due to diffraction, the selected optical design is a two-stage standard coronagraph with an external occulter, an internal occulter, and a Lyot stop. What is unique for this design is that a focal mask was inserted at the telescope focal plane. It works together with the field lens suppressing the stray light down by ~ another order of magnitude as compared to a traditional three-stage approach. During the optical design, a Fourier Transform based beam propagation software, i.e., GLAD, was used to model the beam path through the full coronagraph, from the external occulter to the detector array. All diffraction sensitive elements: external occulter, internal occulter, focal mask, and Lyot stop were carefully modeled and optimized. As a result, the requirement of achieving a stray light level which is one order of magnitude lower than F-corona was satisfied. On the other hand, to achieve the final suppression, a precision optical alignment is another must. This paper also presents our creative alignment procedure: using the combination of metrology, precision alignment equipment, and real time diffraction ring monitoring to minimize the diffraction. The final test results show that the suppression ratio (B/B0) reaches 10-11 level, which is equivalent to one order of magnitude lower than F-corona.
Helianthus is a phase A study of a space weather station with solar photonic propulsion. The scientific payload will be made of: an x-ray spectrometer to detect solar flares; SailCor, a coronagraph with a wide field of view; a plasma analyzer; a magnetometer. The maximum allowed mass for the entire scientific payload shall not exceed 5 kg. The two imaging devices (coronagraph and X-ray spectrometer) are of fundamental importance for the sake of remotely and timely mapping the status of the Sun and provide Earth stations with early warning of potentially disruptive events. An extensive research on available x-Ray detectors was performed and the Amptek FAST-SDD spectrometer was selected. It is a very light, compact and vacuum compatible instrument. In order to prove the device readiness for flight, a measurement campaign was organized to investigate its performance in terms of spectral range, spectral resolution, dynamic range and response speed. The campaign was run at the INAF XACT facility in Palermo (Italy). This paper describes the facility, the measurement campaign and the results.
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