Nanoporous polymer films were prepared by using surfactant as porogen in order to be used as optical waveguides. We
prepared porous polymer films by spin-coating of PMMA solutions containing surfactant (NaDDBS) at concentrations
higher than the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The pore structure of the films was affected by such factors as the
type of the pore generator (porogen) and solvent, the molecular weight of the polymer, and processing parameters. After
removal of NaDDBS, the nanoporous structure was observed via FE-SEM. Since the resulting pore size is much smaller
than the wavelength of the visible light, the nanoporous thin films were optically homogeneous. The refractive index was
given by an average over the film, and it was controlled by changing the amount of the surfactant in the film. The
refractive index of the nanoporous polymer film was found to decrease with the increase in the pore volume ratio.
Methacrylate based copolymers containing thermal and UV cross-linkable groups were prepared, ad their optical properties were investigated. Copolymerization of octafluoropentyl methacrylate (OFPMA) with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was followed by reacting HEMA and methacrylic anhydride (MAAN), yielding a fluorinated copolymer with cross-linkable pendant group. The refractive indices of the copolymers before cross-linking ranged from 1.4329 to 1.4646, and those of the cross-linked copolymers varied from 1.4500 to 1.4822, depending on the fluorine content.
We describe our work on the micro/nano-scale design and integration of polymer optical waveguide wires and miniaturized optical devices for applications in an optical module system that we call "optical printed circuit board" (O-PCBs) and VLSI photonic integrated circuits. We fabricate the O-PCBs using planar arrays of polymer waveguides to perform the functions of transporting, switching, routing and distributing optical signals on flat modular boards. The VLSI photonic integrated circuits are designned to perform similar functions on a chip scale. We fabricate the polymer waveguides using thermal or ultra-violet (UV) embossing and imprinting technique. The optical boards which have 2-dimensional array of waveguides are attached to the electrical printed circuit board (E-PCBs) which carry the transmitter circuits and the receiver circuits of 2.5 Gbps or 10Gbps. In order to increase the efficiency of lightwave coupling between the lasers and the waveguide, we perform the alignment experiment between the laser and the waveguide via microlens and between the waveguide and the detector via microlens. The microlenses are fabricated by placing droppings of resins. Also, the 45-degree mirror to couple the light between the laser and the waveguide and the waveguide and the detector are fabricated by embossing technique to reduce the processing steps and for low-cost production purpose. For VLSI nano-scale photonic integration, we use photonic band-gap crystals and plasmonic waveguide structures. We discuss scientific issues and technological issues concerning the integration of micro- and nano-photonic devices and circuits.
We present a review of our work on the micro/nano-scale design, fabrication and integration of optical waveguide arrays and devices for applications in a newly-conceived optical module system that we call "optical printed circuit board" (O-PCBs) and VLSI micro/nano-photonic integrated circuit. The O-PCBs consist of planar circuits and arrays of waveguides and devices of various dimensions and characteristics to perform the functions of transporting, switching, routing and distributing optical signals on flat modular boards. The VLSI micro/nano-photonic integrated circuits perform similar functions on a chip scale. O-PCBs consist of planar circuits and arrays of waveguides and devices of various dimensions and characteristics to perform the functions of transporting, switching, routing and distributing optical signals on flat modular boards. Fundamentally it contrasts with the electrical printed circuit board (E-PCB), which is designed to perform transporting, processing and distributing electrical signals. We have assembled O-PCBs using optical waveguide arrays and circuits made of polymer materials and have examined information handling performances when they are interconnected with the micro-laser arrays, detector arrays and optoelectronic devices. For VLSI nano-scale photonic inte-gration and applications, we designed power splitters and waveguide filters using photonic band-gap crystals and plasmonic waveguide structures. We discuss scientific issues and technological issues concerning the minia-turization, interconnection, and integration of micro/nano-photonic devices and circuits and discuss potential utilities of O-PCBs and VLSI micro/nano-photonics for applications in computers, telecommunication systems, transportation systems, and bio-sensing microsystems.
We report on the results of our study on the design, fabrication and integration of micro/nano-scale waveguide arrays and devices for applications for a modular system that we newly proposed and call "optical printed circuit board (O-PCB)," which we envision to use as a platform for VLSI micro/nano-photonic applications. The O-PCBs are designed to perform the functions of transporting, switching, routing and distributing optical signals on flat modular boards or substrates. We have designed and assembled O-PCBs using polymer-based optical waveguide arrays and circuits. We describe the procedures for the synthesis of polymers, procedures of forming masters and stamps, and procedures of forming waveguides using embossing techniques. We also describe the procedures of design, fabrication and construction of O-PCBs and describe the procedures for light coupling between light sources, detectors, waveguides and other functional devices. We also describe design of power beam splitters and waveguide filters using photonic band-gap crystals for VLSI photonic integration application. We also discuss the characteristics of the assembled O-PCBs and discuss their potential applications.
We report on the results of our study on the micro/nano-scale design, fabrication and integration of waveguide arrays for optical printed circuit boards (O-PCBs) and VLSI micro/nano-photonic applications. The O-PCBs are designed to perform the functions of transporting, switching, routing and distributing optical signals on flat modular boards or substrates. We have assembled O-PCBs using optical waveguide arrays and circuits made of polymer materials and have examined information handling performances. We also designed power beam splitters and waveguide filters, using nano-scale photonic band-gap crystals, for VLSI photonic integration application. We discuss potential applications of polymer optical waveguide devices and arrays for O-PCB and VLSI micro/nano-photonics for computers, telecommunications, and transportation systems.
We present, in the form of review, the results of our study on the design, fabrication and assembly of optical printed circuit boards (O-PCBs) for VLSI micro/nano-photonic applications. The O-PCBs are designed to perform the functions of transporting, switching, routing and distributing optical signals on flat modular boards, substrates or chips, in a manner similar to the electrical printed circuit boards (E-PCBs). We have assembled and constructed O-PCBs using optical waveguide arrays and circuits made of polymer materials and have examined their information handling performances. We also designed power beam splitters and waveguide filters using nano-scale photonic band-gap crystals. We discuss scientific and technological issues concerning the processes of miniaturization, interconnection and integration of polymer optical waveguide devices and arrays for O-PCB and VLSI micro/nano-photonics as applicable to board-to-board, chip-to-chip, and intra-chip integration for computers, telecommunications, and transportation systems.
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