This paper discusses adapting the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm to design refractive free-form optical elements for custom beam tailoring, particularly to convert powerful diode laser outputs into high-quality Gaussian beams. A distinctive feature of the algorithm is its ability to design thin-profile optical elements (less than 5 wavelengths), manufacturable with high precision using industrial grayscale lithography. Experimental results are presented for transforming a 455 nm, 6 W diode laser beam into an efficient pump source for Ti:Sa lasers, demonstrating the algorithm’s potential to enhance diode laser applications in scientific and industrial settings.
This study details the experimental use of a combined error signal (CES) method in Ramsey spectroscopy with a pulsed Rb CPT atomic clock to counteract light shift frequencies. By employing a linear combination of two error signals, generated during different free evolution times in a pulse sequence, this method effectively neutralizes field shift impacts. The precise calibration of coefficient allows for an error signal that remains constant despite varying field shifts. Experimentally, this technique has proven to reduce the effects of fluctuations in optical radiation and modulating microwave signal power, which can significantly enhance the long-term stability of atomic frequency standards.
This study explores a Rb CPT atomic clock using two counter-propagating waves with orthogonal circular polarisation. By suppressing the optical pumping effect, the clock demonstrates substantial (several times) improvement in CPT contrast compared to the conventional single circularly polarised wave configuration. The use of two counter-propagating beams also allows for positive interference between two photon transitions excited by anti-parallel waves. A double-pass optical layout improves short-term stability by 1.5 times, achieving a result of 4.5×10–11 over 1 second using a 5-mm long optical cell.
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