Light Sensing and Ranging (LiDAR) is a widely used technique for reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) scenes in a variety of applications, including augmented reality and virtual reality, automotive, industrial machine vision, earth mapping, planetary science, etc. Recent progresses in 3D stacking technologies provided an important step forward in SPAD or SiPM array development, allowing to reach smaller pitch, higher pixel count and more complex processing electronics. However, these also have certain disadvantages that should be considered in specific applications that as limited dynamic range, afterpulsing, crosstalk, and noise. For example, SiPM exhibit dark counts, which are spurious signals generated in the absence of incident photons. Dark counts contribute to the noise floor of SiPMs and can limit their sensitivity, especially in low-light conditions. Efforts are made to reduce dark counts, but they still exist to some extent. Therefore, we have quantitatively analyzed the limits of SiPM compared to APD in a noisy environment in this paper. For example, when the target size is constant, and the beam size is larger than the object, the SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) of the pulsed signal due to ambient light can be analyzed mathematically.
Non-contact printing methods have recently attracted attention in the field of optoelectronics manufacturing including solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and transparent electrodes. Non-contact printing is a powerful and cost-effective technique for high-precision processing through the direct printing of optoelectronic devices. Multimode optical waveguides which are generally fabricated by lithography or reactive ion etching reported exhibiting minimum losses of 0.02 dB/cm and 0.2 dB/cm, respectively. Although these techniques are well established in the fabrication process, it is complicated and possible only with large-scale equipment. Non-contact printing technique can be used to solve these problems. In this paper, we design and demonstrate the printing of optical waveguides with a flexible substrate. The waveguide width was advanced through the nozzle design within 500 μm and applied to the high voltage and nozzle structure so that the capillary force does not damage the pattern.
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) have been a very active research area ever since the inception of integrated optics for the application of the wavelength division multiplexing networks. One of the main size limitations to regular integrated optics based circuits is the weak optical confinement. This makes it very difficult to change the direction of optical waveguides in a very short distance with low loss. Photonic band gap based approaches offer promise of compact waveguide size that can be bent over very rapidly. However, wavelength dependence and the fabrication difficulty remain to be the challenges. On the other hand, advances in nanofabrication and full-wave electromagnetic simulation techniques have permitted the design and realization of a wide variety of plasmonic waveguide structures as excellent candidates for future nanoscale electronic-photonic integrated circuits. In this paper, we reported the nano-gap resonator with the straight waveguide without the ring shape resonator, which is replaced with a straight waveguide, metalic layer, and nano-gap. We investigated the resonant properties of the structure using the FDTD method. The results reveal that the proposed structure has the band stop and lasing characteristic.
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