The dramatic rise in identity theft, the ever pressing need to provide convenience in checkout services to attract and retain loyal customers, and the growing use of multi-function signature captures devices in the retail sector provides favorable conditions for the deployment of dynamic signature verification (DSV) in retail settings. We report on the development of a DSV system to meet the needs of the retail sector. We currently have a database of approximately 10,000 signatures collected from 600 subjects and forgers. Previous work at IBM on DSV has been merged and extended to achieve robust performance on pen position data available from commercial point of sale hardware, achieving equal error rates on skilled forgeries and authentic signatures of 1.5% to 4%.
The World Wide Web provides an increasingly powerful and popular publication mechanism. Web documents often contain a large number of images serving various different purposes. Identifying the functional categories of these images ahs important applications including information extraction, web mining, web page summarization and mobile access. An important first step towards designing algorithms for automatic categorization of images on the web is to identify the common categories and examine their properties and characteristics. This paper describes results from such an initial study using data collected from news web sites. We describe the image categories found in such web pages and their distributions, and identify the main research issues involved in automatically classifying images into these categories.
Tables are an important means for communicating information in written media, and understanding such tables is a challenging problem in document layout analysis. In this paper we describe a general solution to the problem of recognizing the structure of a detected table region. First hierarchial clustering is used to identify columns and then spatial and lexical criteria to classify headers. We also address the problem of evaluating table structure recognition. Our model is based on a directed acyclic attribute graph, or table DAG. We describe a new paradigm, 'random graph probing,' for comparing the results returned by the recognition system and the representation created during ground-truthing. Probing is in fact a general concept that could be applied to other document recognition tasks and perhaps even other computer vision problems as well.
An important step towards the goal of table understanding is a method for reliable table detection. This paper describes a general solution for detecting tables based on computing an optimal partitioning of a document into some number of tables. A dynamic programming algorithm is given to solve the resulting optimization problem. This high-level framework is independent of any particular table quality measure and independent of the document medium. Moreover, it does not rely on the presence of ruling lines or other table delimiters. We also present table quality measures based on white space correlation and vertical connected component analysis. These measures can be applied equally well to ASCII text and scanned images. We report on some preliminary experiments using this method to detect tables in both ASCII text and scanned images, yielding promising results. We present detailed evaluation of these results using three different criteria which by themselves pose interesting research questions.
KEYWORDS: Feature extraction, Distance measurement, Weapons of mass destruction, Volume rendering, Visualization, Image retrieval, Visual process modeling, Visual system, Databases, Chemical elements
While it is recognized that images are described through color, texture and shapes of objects in the scene, the general image understanding is still very difficult. Thus, to perform an image retrieval in a human-like manner one has to choose a specific domain, understand how users achieve similarity within that domain and then build a system that duplicates human performance. Since color and texture are fundamental aspects of human perception we propose a set of techniques for retrieval of color patterns. To determine how humans judge similarity of color patterns we performed a subjective study. Based on the result of the study five most relevant visual categories for the perception of pattern similarity were identified. We also determined the hierarchy of rules governing the use of these categories. Based on these results we designed a system which accepts one or more texture images as input, and depending on the query, produces a set of choices that follow human behavior in pattern matching. Processing steps in our model follow those of the human visual system, resulting in perceptually based features and distance measures. As expected, search results closely correlate wit human choices.
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