We numerically generate the one-dimensional terahertz quasi-perfect vortex beam arrays by using encoding holographic grating. Further, we use a focal hyperbolic lens to detect the topological charge of these vortex beam arrays.
We built a 300G terahertz (THz) frequency modulated continuous wave(FMCW) imaging system. This paper describes the construction and imaging experiment of a FMCW system with a sweep bandwidth of 275~325GHz. Quasi-optical module of the system can focus the spot radius of the system from 16.35 mm to 7.61 mm. The signal-to-noise ratio and resolution of the system were greatly improved. At the same time, the cage structure design of industrial application-grade lens group is implemented, which greatly increases its applicability. We conducted both one-sided and three-dimensional imaging experiments on the built imaging experimental system. The results show that the resolution of the designed imaging system can reach 3 mm, which is of tremendous value for the application of THz nondestructive testing.
Inspired by the extensive application of terahertz (THz) imaging technologies in the field of aerospace, we exploit a THz frequency modulated continuous-wave imaging method with continuous wavelet transform (CWT) algorithm to detect a multilayer heat shield made of special materials. This method uses the frequency modulation continuous-wave system to catch the reflected THz signal and then process the image data by the CWT with different basis functions. By calculating the sizes of the defects area in the final images and then comparing the results with real samples, a practical high-precision THz imaging method is demonstrated. Our method can be an effective tool for the THz nondestructive testing of composites, drugs, and some cultural heritages.
Terahertz (THz) waves can penetrate many optically opaque dielectric materials such as plastics, ceramics and colorants. It is effective to reveal the internal structures of these materials. We have built a THz Computed Tomography (CT) system with 0.3 THz zero-order Bessel beam to improve the depth of focus of this imaging system for the non-diffraction property of Bessel beam. The THz CT system has been used to detect a paper cup with a metal rod inside. Finally, the acquired projection data have been processed by the filtered back-projection algorithm and the reconstructed image of the sample has been obtained.
We present the design, numerical simulations and experimental measurements of an asymmetric cross terahertz metamaterial absorber (MPA) on ultra-flexible polyimide film. The perfect metamaterial absorber composed of two structured metallic layers separated with a polyimide film with a total thickness of functional layers much smaller than the operational wavelength. Two distinct absorption peaks are found at resonance frequencies of 0.439THz and 0.759 THz with resonance amplitude of near unity, which are in good agreement with the simulation results. The sample is also measured by a THz-TDS imaging system to illustrate the absorption characterization. The scanning images show that the sample could act as a perfect absorber at specific resonance frequencies while a perfect reflector at off resonance frequencies. To illustrate the physical mechanism behind these spectral responses, the distribution of the power loss and surface current are also presented. The result shows that the incident wave is trapped and absorbed by the polyimide dielectric layer at different vicinities of the proposed asymmetric cross MPA for the two absorption peaks. Furthermore, the index sensing performance of the structure is also investigated, and the calculated sensitivity is 90GHz/RIU for f1 mode and 154.7GHz/RIU for f2 mode, indicating that the higher frequency resonance absorption peak has better potential applications in sensing and detection. The ultra-flexible, low cost, high intensity dual band terahertz absorbers may pave the way for designing various terahertz functional devices, such as ultrasensitive terahertz sensors, spatial light modulators and filters.
Terahertz wave carrying OAM would boost the capacity of free-space communication with a high carrier frequency and additional degrees of freedom. In this work, we present a experimental demonstration of THz orbital angular momentum (OAM) encoding via 3D printed spiral phase plates(SPPs). By using four “coding” spps with toplogical values -2, - 1,+1,+2, we can encode OAM information onto THz waves and generate temporal varying OAM states with controlled sequences (i.e., 2-bit coding). By using interference between OAM beam and a reference gaussian beam, the OAM information can be detected from the interference fork pattern.
Terahertz (THz) imaging technology shows great advantage in nondestructive detection (NDT), since many optical opaque materials are transparent to THz waves. In this paper, we design and fabricate dielectric axicons to generate zeroth order-Bessel beams by 3D printing technology. We further present an all-electric THz imaging system using the generated Bessel beams in 100GHz. Resolution targets made of printed circuit board are imaged, and the results clearly show the extended depth of focus of Bessel beam, indicating the promise of Bessel beam for the THz NDT.
A novel approach to restrain the formation of the burr during nanosecond laser ablation
is reported in this paper. An assistant laser pulse, separated from the primary processing
laser pulse with the pulse duration of 21 ns by temporal pulse shaping method, is used
to control the formation of the melt deposit. The effect of the assistant pulse on the
morphologies of the melt pools is investigated with the aid of microscope. The results of
machining grooves on steel samples with the shaped pulses show a reduction of the burr
at the boundary of the ablation zone. The contribution indicates a potential method for
obtaining an efficient ablation as well as good processing quality in short pulse laser
microfabrication.
The sensitivity of lidar (light detection and ranging) and the contrast of immersed targets are strongly reduced by the
volume backscattering clutter. To overcome this shortcoming it has been proposed to use a microwave modulation in
association with an optical carrier at 532nm, which is called modulated lidar. This paper develops a Monte Carlo
simulation for application of modulated pulse lidar (light detection and ranging) in bathymetric measurements. First,
modulated light pulse propagation in ocean water is simulated by a Monte Carlo model. Second, the echo signal is
processed by advanced mathematical tools like cross-correlation and numerical filtering. The simulation results reveal
the capability of the modulation approach in suppressing the water backscattering and enhancing the target contrast for
the bathymetric field. Furthermore, more simulation experiments are performed with various ocean depth to study the
detection performance in different environment. Details of this simulation model, in addition to the simulation results are
presented.
KEYWORDS: Free space optics, Free space optical communications, Two wave mixing, Modulation, Crystals, Electrodes, Refraction, Signal processing, Photorefraction, Electro optics
In this paper, we introduce a novel method for free-space optic communication. Normally, the free-space optic communication is sensitive to atmospheric turbulence. In order to overcome the weakness, we utilize two differential modulation optical beams, which improve markedly the quality of free-space optic communication.
The experiments, based on two wave mixing scheme were1 done using photorefractive crystal LiNbO3. Photorefractive grating will be changed with the electrical signals, which will results in the energy transfer process between two beams, and then form two differential modulation optical beams. Firstly, we will present a brief introduction to the theoretical arguments for energy transfer process in two wave mixing experiments. After briefly explaining the method to achieve two differential modulation optical beams we discuss
the experiments for free-space optic communication. Finally, we conclude that the novel method improve markedly the quality of free-space optic communication.
We use the semi-classical random laser model, which is described by the Maxwell equations and the rate equations, and utilize the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) to investigate the differential characteristic of one-dimensional random laser. The results of the calculation indicate that emitting frequency changes continuously with the slight modification of the thickness of film. Thereby, the random laser is a stable system, not a chaotic system. Those thin films in the center of localized regime have stronger effect on the emitting frequency than those beyond the position of localized regime. The thin films in the center of localized regime form a resonant cavity actually and those thin films beyond the position of localization form reflecting mirrors of cavity. Modifying the thickness of the thin films in the center of the localized regime mean modification of the length of cavity, consequently the emitting frequency is changed. Modification of thickness of the thin films out of localized regime mean change of the reflectivity of the reflecting mirrors of cavity. So it has no effect on the emitting frequency, but it affects the emitting energy of laser. If the modification of the thickness is very great, it maybe changes the position of the localized regime and the emitting frequency of mode.
The characteristic of polarization of random laser is investigated by numerical method. We use the random laser model coupling semi-classical laser theory with Maxwell's equations. The model couples electronic number equations at different levels with field equations. The equations are solved by finite-difference time-domain method. We calculate the evolvement of transverse electric wave and transverse magnetic wave in a two-dimensional laser system, respectively. We draw conclusions as follows. Polarization influences the frequency and the position of mode in a random laser system. The threshold is affected by polarization as well.
KEYWORDS: Monte Carlo methods, LIDAR, Photons, Optical simulations, Sensors, Signal attenuation, Scattering, Backscatter, Statistical analysis, Signal detection
The transportation of lidar’s laser beam in seawater is simulated by Monte Carlo method, which combined with statistic, estimate method and weigh method. It should be hypothesized that the incidence laser beam is vertical down and the beam is infinitude thin and vertical. The edge of atmosphere and seawater is located as cone. The axial line of the cone is same to the axial line of the laser impulse spread. It shows that the FOV (fields of view) of lidar’s detector have some influence to the waveform of echo signals. The influence is quite clear when the fields of view is quite small. The larger of the fields of view is, the slower the attenuation speed is. The trend goes to saturation when the fields of view add to a certainty. The conclusion is that the best receiving FOV is between 50mrad ~ 70mrad to the on-board lidar system which located in height at about 500 meters.
Due to the polarization sensitivity of Raman gain and the random nature of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in the fiber, the gain of a fiber Raman amplifier (FRA) fluctuates over a wide range during a relatively long time. In this work, a numerical method of obtaining the probability distribution function of the random fluctuating Raman gain in a bidirectionally pumped FRA is presented for the first time, based on the vector theory of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). After optimizing a bidirectionally pumped FRA to achieve the best tradeoff between an optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) and nonlinear distortions, the proposed method is applied to study the impact of gain fluctuations. The results show that the fluctuations reach their peaks at two values of PMD parameters (Dp), respectively, when Dp is increased from zero. The heights of the two peaks are proportional to the power allocations for the forward and backward pumps, respectively. The results are useful for avoiding high gain fluctuations when bidirectional pumping is applied.
Due to the polarization sensitivity of Raman gain and the random nature of PMD in the fiber the gain of fiber Raman amplifier not only depends on the polarization states of the input signal and pump but also fluctuates over a wide range during a relative long time. The fluctuations are related to the PMD parameter of the fiber and the pumping scheme. In this paper the statistics of the gain fluctuations in an amplifier employing bi-directionally pumping schemes is studied. The ratio of forward to total pumping power is optimized to achieve best trade-off between the OSNR and nonlinear distortions beforehand. The results obtained are useful for the further optimization of bi-directionally pumped amplifiers.
Thin film filters used in fibre optics communications are strictly defined, which requires a totally uniform thickness distribution over the coated substrate. In this paper we firstly analyse the thickness distribution related to chamber geometry and source emission function. Chamber layout and source function are optimised for large area uniformity.
In this paper we evaluate the influence of pumping schemes on the performance of fiber Raman amplifier bidirectionally pumped at multiple wavelengths. The numerical model we used includes bi-directional interactions between all signal and pumping wavelengths induced by stimulated Raman scattering, spontaneous Raman scattering and Rayleigh backscattering. We develop a effective algorithm to numerically solve the equations and show that by changing the ratio of forward to backward pumping power for each wavelength we can get very good tradeoff between gain flatness, optical signal to noise ratio and nonlinear effects.
Thin film filter design method based on genetic arithmetic is provided in this paper. Theoretical analysis model is built up. A 50Ghz filter is optimized according to the programme. Optimization aims can be selected as different requirements.
Theoretical model of two laser beams propagating in a biased serial photovoltaic photorefractive crystal circuit is first developed and the forming conditions of three different kinds of separate spatial soliton pairs are discussed. Studies on the interaction between two solitons in one soliton pair show that only the dark soliton can affect the other, whereas the bright one cannot. The asymmetry comes from our results determined under the limit of the spatial extent of the optical beam being much less than the width of the crystal. Finally, potential application of this unilateral effect is discussed.
DWDM thin film filter phase properties including phase shift and group delay are analyzed in this paper. According to the dispersion control requirement, a method of group delay ripple compensation on transmission is forwarded. A high reflective film system is overlapped before the transmission light from the filter; the total group delay ripple is decrease with the counteraction ofhigh reflective films on contrast to the DWDM filter.
By introducing a transfer matrix with an explicit frequency variability for a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM), the Gaussian mode and its stability condition were derived in phase- conjugate resonator (PCR) bounded by one or two PCMs formed by a nondegenerate four-wave mixing. The Gaussian mode and its generalized self-consistency condition were derived in a stimulated scattering phase-conjugate resonator.
The development of industrial lasers (CO2 lasers, solid- state, excimer and semiconductor lasers) and industrial applications (heat treatment, welding, cutting, marking, engraving, etc.) in China are reported in this paper. The research institutes in China, engaged in these areas, are presented. In recent years, the industry of optoelectronics in China has rapidly grown; the national optoelectronics and information industry base in Wuhan is introduced as well.
The dynamical evolution of bright screening-photovoltaic (SP) spatial optical solitons in biased photovoltaic- photorefractive materials is investigated under steady-state condition. Our numerical study indicates that these SP solitons are stable against small perturbations whereas optical beams that significantly differ from soliton solutions tend to experience larger cycles of compression and expansion.
We study theoretically the properties of waveguides induced by one-dimensional steady-state biased photovoltaic spatial solitons, and show that the waveguides can be induced by both bright and dark spatial solitons in the biased photovoltaic- photorefractive crystal such as LiNbO3. We also derive wave equations for the probe beam in the general condition and low-amplitude condition.
Steady-state bright spatial solitons are predicted for photovoltaic materials with an external bias filed. These solitons, being known as the screening-photovoltaic (SP) solitons, result from both the photovoltaic effect and spatially nonuniform screening of the applied field in the biased photovoltaic-photorefractive crystal and differ from previously observed photorefractive spatial solitons in their properties and physical origin. The properties of the SP solitons are discussed in detail.
We derive the intensity and phase formulas of the two-, three-, and n-stage codirectional parallel-polarization degenerate two-wave mixing in photorefractive media. These formulas are valid for both the saturation and intermediate regime and can be used in investigating the problem of increasing the coherent optical gain by the multistage two- wave mixing technique.
KEYWORDS: Two wave mixing, Crystals, Temperature metrology, Information technology, Ferroelectric materials, Solids, Absorption, Information operations, Electro optics, Applied physics
The main purpose of this paper is to distinguish the coupling coefficient from the net coupling coefficient in the two-wave mixing process. The coupling coefficient is dependent on the total intensity, whereas the net one is not. The larger the thermal emission rate or the weaker the total intensity is, the larger the difference between the two coupling coefficients will be. We present a method for measuring the net coupling coefficient and the saturation intensity in photorefractive material based on the detection of the gain of two-wave mixing at two total intensity levels. We investigate the temperature and the grating period dependence of the net coupling coefficient and the saturation intensity for Ce:Mn:LiNbO3 and Cr:GaAs crystal, respectively.
A new formula of saturation intensity defined as the ratio of thermal emission rate to photoexcitation constant for photorefractive material is derived and a new method for the saturation intensity measurement in a photorefractive crystal based on detecting intensity gain in two-wave mixing is presented. The temperature dependence of the saturation intensity for Ce:Mn:LiNbO3 crystal is measured. The measured values for the saturation intensity have been checked with another experiment of two-wave mixing in the crystal.
We present a method of measuring the parameters of a photorefractive crystal in codirectional two-wave mixing that is suitable for two-wave mixing in the intermediate regime (before saturation). Three parameters of a crystal, the saturation exponential gain coefficient, saturation intensity and intensity absorption coefficient, can be measured simultaneously by using the method. The contribution of the intensity dependence of intensity absorption coefficient is also considered. The three parameters of a BaTiO3 crystal are measured and the measured data are checked by another independent measurement.
The intensity dependence of stationary energy transfer in photorefractive codirectional cross-polarization two-wave mixing is examined. The intensity formulae remained effect both in the saturation and the intermediate regime (before saturation) are driven, and the analytical expressions with the ratio of saturation intensity to total incident intensity as their explicit variable are obtained for the case of pump depletion. It is necessary to use these formulae in some problems, such as the temperature or intensity dependence of cross-polarization two-wave mixing. A method of measuring the coupling coefficient and saturation intensity of a cubic photorefractive crystal is presented, which is suitable for cross-polarization two-wave mixing in the intermediate regime.
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