In recent years, the demand for high-power, polarization maintaining single mode lasers operating in the 1.55 µm wavelength band significantly increased due to technological advances in free space communication, coherent LiDAR, quantum computing, and remote sensing. These applications benefit from the compactness, robustness, and efficiency of diode-pumped Erbium Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EYDFAs) and triggered the development of EYDFs with enhanced performance. In this work, we demonstrate a new single-mode PM EYDF with robust single-mode operation beyond 20 W output power and discuss the remaining challenges to scale the power further and how we plan to mitigate those.
Continued recent developments in Thulium- (Tm) doped silica fiber design have enabled average power scaling of 2 µm fiber laser system beyond the kW-level. One approach to furthering this development is to maximize the slope efficiency of Tm-doped fiber lasers by selecting highly-doped double-clad fibers (TDF’s) so as to promote the cross-relaxation process. The success of this approach was exemplified by Tumminelli et al. who employed an all-halide vapor-phase fabrication process to produce a single-mode (SM) fiber with a Tm concentration of 8.5 wt% and demonstrated ~70 % slope efficiency. In this work, we report what we believe to be the first high-concentration (8 wt% Tm), double-clad (DC) large-mode area (LMA) Tm-doped fiber (TDF), which was manufactured by the solution-doping MCVD process. Critical performance such as slope efficiency and lasing wavelength are characterized and compared to legacy LMA-TDF-25P/400 fiber.
Novel extra-large mode area active and passive fibers deigned to achieve up to 100 mJ and > 1 kW output power in industrial fiber laser systems will be presented. Three Yb-doped XLMA fiber sizes will be proposed, able to offer high extraction efficiency, MW peak power handling, manageable thermal load, excellent spliceability and stable beam profile. Fiber performance capabilities will be discussed with numerical simulation results. Active and passive fiber prototypes will be manufactured and tested. Key design aspects and performances including efficiency, beam profile, cladding absorption and photodarkening will be reported.
New large mode area Ytterbium-doped fiber (LMA-YDF) designs for 400µm clad laser oscillators are investigated. Designs are optimized to simultaneously overcome limitations of Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) and Thermal Mode Instability (TMI) within the limitations set by the industrial laser market. The optimization enable industrial fiber lasers operating at 1µm wavelengths to robustly provide > 2kW with single mode beam quality. 915 nm pumping and 976 nm pumping require different designs due to different thermal loads. Wavelength specific options are given for both that robustly increase power from the current state of the art 1-1.5kW to up to 2.3kW.
To advance the science of high power fiber lasers, in-house drawn specialty optical fibers are investigated. Ongoing research involves the fabrication and testing of Yb- and Tm-doped fibers at 1μm and 2μm. Using specialized fiber and pump mixing geometries, dopant profiles and system configurations, the performance of our in-house drawn active fibers has been examined. Results on a highly multi-mode, high average power pulsed Raman fiber amplifier pumped by a thin disc laser are presented. The Raman fiber is a large mode-area graded index fiber, also drawn in house. Finally, the development of capabilities for kilometer range propagation experiments of kW-level CW and TW-level pulsed lasers at the TISTEF laser range is reported.
We report on a 2 μm master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) fiber laser system capable of producing 700 μJ pulse energies from a single 1.5 m long amplifier. The oscillator is a single-mode, thulium-doped fiber that is Q-switched by an acousto-optic modulator. The oscillator seeds the amplifier with 1 W average power at 20 kHz repetition rate. The power amplifier is a polarization-maintaining, large mode area thulium-doped fiber cladding pumped by a 793 nm fiber-coupled diode. The fiber length is minimized to avoid nonlinearities during amplification while simultaneously enabling high energy extraction. The system delivers 700 μJ pulse energies with 114 ns pulse duration and 14 W average power at 1977 nm center wavelength.
Raman fiber lasers have seen increased interest recently, due to their ability to access difficult wavelength ranges without the use of specially doped materials and to avoid some of the obstacles of very high power rare-earth doped fiber lasers, including modal instability and photodarkening. Though most modern works in Raman fiber lasers are based on fiber laser or direct diode pumping, solid state lasers have been developed with extremely high average powers and are readily available commercially.
This work explores a very short fiber length high average power multi-mode Raman laser system. The custom 200um graded index fiber is pumped by 30ns pulses with average powers up to 750W and pulse energies up to 7.5mJ at 1030nm, by a solid state commercial laser system. Pump-only and seeded configurations are examined. In the seeded case, higher order mode activation is demonstrated by detuning the single mode seed to preferentially feed energy to the less confined modes.
5 orders of Stokes are demonstrated, ranging from 1078nm to 1350 nm. Beam enhancement is observed by qualitative measurement of minimum beam waist, and average powers up to 70W are achieved at an energy of 1.4mJ.
This work investigates the feasibility of passive cooling in high-power Yb amplifiers. Experimentally, an all-glass airclad step-index (ACSI) amplifier is diode-pumped with 400W and provides 200W power levels. With only natural convection to extract heat, core temperatures are estimated near 130°C with no degradation of performance relative to cooled architectures. Further, advanced analysis techniques allow for core temperature determination using thermal interferometry without the need for complicated stabilization or calibration.
Delivering high peak powers from fiber lasers is limited by the accumulation of nonlinear effects due to the high optical intensities and the long interaction lengths of fibers. Peak power scaling at 2 μm is limited by modulation instability (MI), which is not found for 1 μm sources. This work investigates the performance of a spectrally broadband, nanosecond pulsed thulium-doped fiber laser. The average power and pulse energy performance of the single-mode amplifier delivers >20 W and ~280 μJ. A variable spectral filter is incorporated to study the onset of MI and subsequent spectral broadening as a function of seed linewidth. It is observed that MI-induced spectral broadening is enhanced for larger linewidths. However, when the seed linewidth is increased beyond >10 nm, this trend is reversed. A fiber amplifier model including MI (treated as degenerate four-wave mixing) simulates a parametric gain bandwidth of ~900 GHz for this amplifier configuration, which is equivalent to ~11.5 nm at the 1960 nm center wavelength. Therefore, the decrease in spectral broadening for seed linewidths <10 nm is due to a reduced overlap with the MI gain bandwidth. The capability to scale 2 μm fiber lasers to high powers is strongly dependent on the spectral quality of the seed. Any power initially located within the MI gain bandwidth will degrade performance, and must be considered for power scaling.
This presentation will describe the design and construction status of a new mobile high-energy femtosecond laser systems producing 500 mJ, 100 fs pulses at 10 Hz. This facility is built into a shipping container and includes a cleanroom housing the laser system, a separate section for the beam director optics with a retractable roof, and the environmental control equipment necessary to maintain stable operation. The laser system includes several innovations to improve the utility of the system for “in field” experiments. For example, this system utilizes a fiber laser oscillator and a monolithic chirped Bragg grating stretcher to improve system robustness/size and employs software to enable remote monitoring and system control. Uniquely, this facility incorporates a precision motion-controlled gimbal altitude-azimuth mount with a coudé path to enable aiming of the beam over a wide field of view. In addition to providing the ability to precisely aim at multiple targets, it is also possible to coordinate the beam with separate tracking/diagnostic sensing equipment as well as other laser systems. This mobile platform will be deployed at the Townes Institute Science and Technology Experimental Facility (TISTEF) located at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, to utilize the 1-km secured laser propagation range and the wide array of meteorological instrumentation for atmospheric and turbulence characterization. This will provide significant new data on the propagation of high peak power ultrashort laser pulses and detailed information on the atmospheric conditions in a coastal semi-tropical environment.
This work studies the accumulated nonlinearities when amplifying a narrow linewidth 2053 nm seed in a single mode Tm:fiber amplifier. A <2 MHz linewidth CW diode seed is externally modulated using a fiberized acousto-optic modulator. This enables independent control of repetition rate and pulse duration (>30 ns). The pulses are subsequently amplified and the repetition rate is further reduced using a second acousto-optic modulator. It is well known that spectral degradation occurs in such fibers for peak powers over 100's of watts due to self-phase modulation, four-wave mixing, and stimulated Raman scattering. In addition to enabling a thorough test bed to study such spectral broadening, this system will also enable the investigation of stimulated Brillouin scattering thresholds in the same system. This detailed study of the nonlinearities encountered in 2 μm fiber amplifiers is important in a range of applications from telecommunications to the amplification of ultrashort laser pulses.
Pulse stretchers are critical components in chirped pulse amplification (CPA) and optical parametric CPA (OPCPA) laser systems. In CPA systems, pulse stretching and compression is typical accomplished using bulk diffraction gratings; however integrated devices such volume or fiber Bragg gratings can provide similar optical performance with significantly smaller footprint and simplified alignment. In this work, we discuss the use of such integrated devices to stretch a 100 fs pulse to 400 ps with customized third order dispersion for use in a multi-TW Ti:Sapphire system as well as integrated optics to control the pulse duration in pump lasers for OPCPA systems.
Next-generation infrared (IR) optical components based on chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) may include structures which benefit from the enhanced optical function offered by spatially modifying regions with a nanocrystalline phase. Such modification may be envisioned if the means by which such spatial control of crystallization can be determined using the advantages offered through three-dimensional direct laser write (DLW) processes. While ChGs are well known to have good transparency in the IR, they typically possess lower thresholds for photo- and thermally- induced property changes as compared to other glasses such as silicates. Such low thresholds can result in material responses that include photoexpansion, large thermo-optic increases, mechanical property changes, photo-induced crystallization, and ablation. The present study examines changes in ChG material response realized by exposing the material to different laser irradiation conditions in order to understand the effects of these conditions on such material property changes. Thresholds for photoexpansion and ablation were studied by varying the exposure time and power with sub-bandgap illumination and evidence of laser induced phase change were examined. Simulations were carried out to estimate the temperature increase from the irradiation and the tolerances and stability of the calculations were examined. The models suggest that the processes may have components that are non-thermal in nature.
Within the past 10 years, thulium (Tm)-doped fiber lasers have emerged as a flexible platform offering high average power as well as high peak power. Many of the benefits and limitations of Tm:fiber lasers are similar to those for ytterbium (Yb)-doped fiber lasers, however the ~2 µm emission wavelength posses unique challenges in terms of laser development as well as several benefits for applications. In this presentation, we will review the progress of laser development in CW, nanosecond, picosecond, and femtosecond regimes. As a review of our efforts in the development of power amplifiers, we will compare large mode area (LMA) stepindex and photonic crystal fiber (PCF) architectures. In our research, we have found Tm-doped step index LMA fibers to offer relatively high efficiency and average powers at the expense of fundamental mode quality. By comparison, Tm-doped PCFs provide the largest mode area and quasi diffraction-limited beam quality however they are approximately half as efficient as step-index fibers. In terms of defense related applications, the most prominent use of Tm:fiber lasers is to pump nonlinear conversion to the mid-IR such as supercontinuum generation and optical parametric oscillators/amplifiers (OPO/A). We have recently demonstrated Tm:fiber pumped OPOs which generate ~28 kW peak power in the mid-IR. In addition, we will show that Tm:fiber lasers also offer interesting capabilities in the processing of semiconductors.
We present the characterization of thermal distortion induced in bulk and orientation-patterned GaAs samples by a 100 W narrow linewidth, linearly polarized CW Tm:fiber laser focused to ~150 μm diameter. For a 500-μm thick bulk GaAs sample, the induced thermal distortion is measured using a probe laser beam at 1080 nm and a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS). We also compare the power dependent induced divergence for 500-μm thick bulk GaAs and 10-mm thick orientation-partnered GaAs (OP-GaAs) samples as they are translated axially through the focus of a 2-μm wavelength Tm:fiber laser beam.
The use of optical quality ceramics for laser applications is expanding, and with this expansion there is an increasing need for diagnostics to assess the quality of these materials. Ceramic material with flaws and contaminants yields significantly less efficient performance as laser gain media and can generate excessive amounts of waste heat. This is a concern that is especially relevant in high power laser applications where thermally induced damage can be catastrophic. In order to assess a set of ceramic and crystalline samples we induce and measure thermal lensing in order to produce a relative ranking based on the extent of the induced thermal lens. In these experiments thermal lensing is induced in a set of nine 10% Yb:YAG ceramic and single-crystal samples using a high power 940 nm diode, and their thermal response is measured using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. The materials are also ranked by their transmission in the visible region. Discrepancies between the two ranking methods reveal that transmission in the visible region alone is not adequate for an assessment of the overall quality of ceramic samples. The thermal lensing diagnostic technique proves to be a reliable and quick over-all assessment method of doped ceramic materials without requiring any a priori knowledge of material properties.
We have developed an integrated Tm:fiber master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system
producing 100 W output power, with sub-nm spectral linewidth at -10 dB level, >10 dB
polarization extinction ratio, and diffraction-limited beam quality. This system consists of
polarization maintaining fiber, spliced together with fiberized pump combiners, isolators and
mode field adaptors. Recent advances in PM fibers and components in the 2 μm wavelength
regime have enabled the performance of this integrated high power system; however further
development is still required to provide polarized output approaching kilowatt average power.
We report on a Tm:fiber master oscillator power amplifier system producing 100 W output power, with
>10 dB polarization extinction ratio and diffraction-limited beam quality. To our knowledge, this is the
highest polarized output power from an integrated Tm:fiber laser. The oscillator uses polarization
maintaining (PM) single mode fiber with 10/130 μm core/cladding diameters, and the amplifier uses large
mode area PM fiber with 25/400 μm core/cladding diameters. The oscillator and amplifier are pumped
using 793 nm diodes spliced with pump combiners, and the oscillator is spliced to the amplifier via a
mode field adaptor.
KEYWORDS: Silica, High power lasers, Chalcogenide glass, Laser systems engineering, Selenium, Fiber lasers, Semiconductor lasers, Near infrared, Thermal optics, Absorption
Chalcogenide samples with varying selenium concentrations, As10Se90, As30Se70, As40Se60, and As50Se50, were
characterized for high power transmission using a Tm:fiber laser system. The Tm:fiber laser oscillator consists of a
LMA fiber with 25/400 μm core/cladding diameters pumped by 793 nm diode. The output beam was collimated to
a 3 mm beam diameter, and transmitted through the chalcogenide samples at CW powers up to 23 W. We measure
the transmission as a function of incident power, as well as some initial characterization of surface damage from
nanosecond pulses at 2 μm. Furthermore, we utilize a wavefront sensor to characterized the thermal lens induced by
the Tm:fiber laser.
We have demonstrated an all-fiber thulium laser system that, without any intracavity polarizing elements or freespace
components, yielded a stable polarization extinction ratio (PER) of ~18 dB. The system is based on singlemode
polarization-maintaining silica fiber and its cavity is formed from each a high and low reflectivity
femtosecond laser written fiber Bragg grating resonant at 2054 nm. The output of the fiber is not only highly
polarized, but maintains a narrow linewidth of 78 pm at its maximum output power of 5.24 W. The high PER
without any polarizing elements in the cavity is of great interest and makes the systems useful for spectral beam
combining and other applications which require polarization dependent optical elements.
A polarization-maintaining (PM), narrow-linewidth, continuous wave, thulium fiber laser is demonstrated. The laser
cavity is formed from two femtosecond-laser-written fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and operates at 2054 nm. The
laser output possesses both narrow spectral width (78 pm) and a high polarization extinction ratio of ~18 dB at 5.24
W of output power. This laser is a unique demonstration of a PM thulium fiber system based on a two FBG cavity
that produces high PER without any free-space elements. Such a narrow linewidth source will be useful for
applications such as spectral beam combining which often employ polarization dependent combining elements.
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