Fully scan-less three-dimensional imaging method was developed by use of an optical frequency comb. Interferometric measurement between chirped pulse train realized ultrafast information conversion between space, time, and color. Three-dimensional shape information of an object is thus obtained by two-dimensional spectral interference fringe image in a single pulse. With precisely controlled optical frequency combs, precise phase control of optical waves in a pulse train is utilized for all-optical Hilbert tansform to extract amplitude and phase of the obtained interference fringe image, thus two-dimensional spectroscopy is realized. With a monochromatic camera, three-dimensional image is obtained without any scanning. The developed method was applied to shape measurements of various targets with micrometer to nanometer resolution. Since pulse-to-pulse interferometer is utilized, a large object can be measured without losing high accuracy. Scan-less method can be applied to capturing moving target and ultrafast phenomena.
Single-photon time-resolved measurements are of great importance in broad application fields, such as ultrafast phenomena, sensing, and quantum information science. Single-photon detectors have limited, temporal resolution, hence, there is need for novel approaches. In this study, we developed an asynchronous optical sampling technique for single-photon time-resolved cross-correlation measurements using a dual-wavelength comb. Employing slightly different repetition frequencies, high-speed and high-time resolution detection was achieved without the need for a mechanical delay stage. Using distinct-color combs for the signal and pump pulses, highly sensitive detection was achieved by efficiently suppressing the strong background caused by the high-power pump. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrated femtosecond time-resolved measurements at the single-photon level. The signal and pump pulses were derived from the Er and Yb fiber combs. The center wavelengths of the comb were 1560 and 1050 nm, and their repetition frequencies were 107 and 750 MHz. Signal pulses were attenuated to the single-photon level, and the pump pulses were amplified to 1.3 W. The high power and high repetition frequency of the pump enabled highly efficient nonlinear time gating. Temporal characteristics of a weak signal pulse is obtained by photon counting of the generated sum frequency light of the signal and pump using a nonlinear crystal. We obtained the temporal profiles of the single-photon Er comb pulses as a cross-correlation waveform with a half-width of 173 fs and measured the higher-order chirp of a single-photon femtosecond pulse. The developed technique is promising for single-photon-level ultrafast optical applications.
The nonclassical light sources, such as frequency-time entangled photons, are anticipated to offer significant benefits for emerging quantum optical sensing or spectroscopic measurements and manifest on ultrafast time scales (sub-ps to fs). However, the constrained time resolution (ns to ps) of photon-counting detectors poses challenges in comprehensively characterizing their detailed properties on ultrafast time scales. Therefore, we present a novel asynchronous optical sampling (ASOPS) technique utilizing two-color optical frequency combs to demonstrate highly precise and sensitive ultrafast time-resolved cross-correlation measurements at the single-photon level. By employing photon counting statistics, this method successfully reconstructed the picosecond pulse width cross-correlation waveforms at extremely low power level (<1 photon per pulse), while effectively suppressing the residual temporal jitter between the two combs via optically triggered averaging using asynchronous optical sampling of combs. The use of repetition frequency stabilized distinct-wavelength pulses allowed for the effective suppression of strong background light from the pump through spectral filtering, achieving single-photon sensitivity. Subsequently, we parametrically down converted the frequency doubled light from the Er comb in the nonlinear ppKTP waveguide to generate quantum entangled photons at telecom band. A 9.04% Klyshko efficiency with a photon pair generation rate of 0.98 MHz/mW was obtained using heralding detection. Employing the established ASOPS technique to the generated photon pairs enabled the realization of ultrafast time-resolved and quantum mechanical correlation measurements. This paves the way for a versatile and comprehensive manipulation of quantum-entangled photon pairs in the time-domain, with potential applications in ultrafast optical quantum technology and ultrashort fluorescence measurements.
Laser-scanning optical microscopy is widely used for the observation of microstructures and the analysis of molecular functions of samples with tightly focused light. Spectroscopic information is also available if a broadband light source is employed. General laser-scanning optical microscopy observes optical intensity by employing a sample- or laser-scanning system for the analysis of samples via reflectance, scattering, absorbance, and laser-induced phenomena. Another visualization method is using optical phase, which can enhance the image contrast of such high transparent materials and nano-step structures. However, broadband spectroscopic phase-contrast imaging with a laser-scanning configuration is slightly tricky due to the interferometric configuration is required to retrieve phase information of each wavelength. If the simultaneous measurement of amplitude and phase spectra is enabled in laser-scanning microscopy, it is possible to realize multivariate measurement to analyze more detailed information of samples based on such as complex refractive index, polarization characteristics, and so on with tightly focused light. To overcome these limitations, in this study, we proposed an optical-frequency-comb (OFC)-based laser scanning optical microscopy. The OFC technique enables fast Fourier transform spectroscopy by using well-defined two OFC lasers without any mechanical scan in the time domain. The combination of the laser scanning optical microscopy and the OFC technique realized the simultaneous and spectroscopic observation of quantitative amplitude and phase images with tight focusing down to the diffraction limit. Furthermore, we realized the analysis of polarization by the direct observation of the amplitude and phase of the orthogonal components. We applied the proposed method to the observation of nano-step structures, phase objects and anisotropic materials to provide a proof-of-principle demonstration of the proposed method. Our proposed approach will serve as a unique and powerful tool for characterizing the materials via complete characterization of optical information such as amplitude, phase, polarization and spectrum.
Refractive index measurement is important for evaluation of liquid materials, optical components, and bio sensing. One promising approach for such measurement is use of optical fiber sensors such as surface plasmonic resonance or multimode interference (MMI), which measure the change of optical spectrum resulting from the refractive index change. However, the precision of refractive index measurement is limited by the performance of optical spectrum analyzer. If such the refractive index measurement can be performed in radio frequency (RF) region in place of optical region, the measurement precision will be further improved by the frequency-standard-based RF measurement. To this end, we focus on the disturbance-to-RF conversion in a fiber optical frequency comb (OFC) cavity. Since frequency spacing frep of OFC depends on an optical cavity length nL, frep sensitively reflects the external disturbance interacted with nL. Although we previously demonstrated the precise strain measurement based on the frep measurement, the measurable physical quantity is limited to strain or temperature, which directly interacts with the fiber cavity itself. If a functional fiber sensor can be installed into the fiber OFC cavity, the measurable physical quantity will be largely expanded. In this paper, we introduce a MMI fiber sensor into a ring-type fiber OFC cavity for refractive index measurement. We confirmed the refractive-indexdependent shift of optical spectrum event though the MMI fiber sensor is included in the cavity. Such the spectral shift was converted into refractive-index-dependent shift of frep via the wavelength dispersion of the cavity fiber.
Dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) is a powerful tool for gas spectroscopy due to high resolution, high accuracy, broadband spectral coverage, and rapid data acquisition, based on optical frequency comb (OFC) traceable to a frequency standard. In DCS, after a temporal waveform of interferogram is acquired in time domain, the corresponding mode-resolved OFC spectrum is obtained by fast Fourier transform (FFT) calculation of the acquired interferogram. However, FFT calculation of huge-sized temporal data spends significantly longer time than the acquisition time of interferogram, making it difficult to response the transient signal change. In this article, we demonstrate frequency-domain DCS by a combination of DCS with lock-in detection (LID), namely LID-DCS. LID-DCS directly extracts an arbitrary OFC mode from a vast number of OFC modes without the need for FFT calculation by the synchronous detection at a LID reference frequency while maintaining high resolution and high accuracy. Usefulness of LID-DCS is demonstrated in rapid monitoring of transient signal change and spectroscopy of hydrogen cyanide gas by comparing with usual DCS.
Digital holography (DH) is a technique to reconstruct the amplitude and phase images of a sample by calculating the wavefront propagation from the interference image. Although DH enables three-dimensional shape measurement based on the phase images, axial dynamic range of a single-optical-wavelength DH is limited to less than a full or half optical wavelength due to phase wrapping ambiguity. To extend the axial range over the optical wavelength, synthesized wavelength DH has been proposed. In this method, DH is performed at two different wavelengths, and then synthesized wavelengths between them are used. However, use of a single longer synthesized wavelength degrades the axial resolution because the axial dynamic range is limited by the phase noise. To extend the axial dynamic range, one has to increase the axial range while maintaining the axial resolution of sub-wavelength. One promising approach to do it is cascade linking between multiple synthetic wavelengths with different orders. In this paper, we present multicascadelinked synthetic wavelength DH using an optical-comb-referenced frequency synthesizer (OFS). OFS is a tunable external cavity laser diode phase-locked to an optical frequency comb, and is effectively used for multiple synthetic wavelengths within the range of 32 um to 1.20 m. A multiple cascade link of the phase images among an optical wavelength and 5 different synthetic wavelengths enables the shape measurement of a reflective millimeter-sized stepped surface with the axial resolution of 34 nm.
Optical frequency combs (OFCs) have attracted attention as optical frequency rulers due to their tooth-like discrete spectra together with their inherent mode-locking nature and phase-locking control to a frequency standard. Based on this concept, their applications until now have been demonstrated in the fields of optical frequency metrology. However, if the utility of OFCs can be further expanded beyond their application by exploiting new aspects of OFCs, this will lead to new developments in optical metrology and instrumentation. Previously, we reported a fiber sensing application of OFCs based on a coherent link between the optical and radio frequencies, enabling high-precision refractive index (RI) measurement based on frequency measurement in radio-frequency (RF) region. Our technique encoded an RI change of a liquid sample into a repetition frequency of OFC by a combination of an intracavity multi-mode-interference fiber sensor and wavelength dispersion of a cavity fiber. Then, the change in refractive index was read out with an RI resolution of 4.88 × 10-6 RIU and an RI accuracy of 5.35 × 10-5 RIU by measuring the repetition frequency in RF region based on a frequency standard. However, the temperature instability of a sample limits the performance because a refractive index is a function of temperature. In this paper, we demonstrate simultaneous measurement of concentration and temperature in a sample by measuring RI-dependent repetition frequency shift and optical spectrum shift.
Compressional wave detection is useful means for health monitoring of building, detection of abnormal vibration of moving objects, defect evaluation, and biomedical imaging such as echography and photoacoustic imaging. The frequency of the compressional wave is varied from quasi-static to a few tens of megahertz depending on applications. Since the dynamic range of general compressional wave detectors is limited, we need to choose a proper compressional wave detector depending on applications. For the compressional wave detection with wide dynamic range, two or more detectors with different detection ranges is required. However, these detectors with different detection ranges generally has different accuracy and precision, disabling the seamless detection over these detection ranges. In this study, we proposed a compressional wave detector employing optical frequency comb (OFC). The compressional wave was sensed with a part of an OFC cavity, being encoded into OFC. The spectrally encoded OFC was converted to radio-frequency by the frequency link nature of OFC. The compressional wave-encoded radio-frequency can therefore be directly measured with a high-speed photodetector. To enhance the dynamic range of the compressional wave detection, we developed a cavityfeedback-based system and a phase-sensitive detection system, both of which the accuracy and precision are coherently linked to these of the OFC. We provided a proof-of-principle demonstration of the detection of compressional wave from quasi-static to ultrasound wave by using the OFC-based compressional wave sensor. Our proposed approach will serve as a unique and powerful tool for detecting compressional wave versatile applications in the future.
Refractive index measurement is important for evaluation of liquid materials, optical components, and bio sensing. One promising approach for such measurement is use of optical fiber sensors such as surface plasmonic resonance or multi-mode interference (MMI), which measure the change of optical spectrum resulting from the refractive index change. However, the precision of refractive index measurement is limited by the performance of optical spectrum analyzer. If such the refractive index measurement can be performed in radio frequency (RF) region in place of optical region, the measurement precision will be further improved by the frequency-standard-based RF measurement. To this end, we focus on the disturbance-to-RF conversion in a fiber optical frequency comb (OFC) cavity. Since frequency spacing frep of OFC depends on an optical cavity length nL, frep sensitively reflects the external disturbance interacted with nL. Although we previously demonstrated the precise strain measurement based on the frep measurement, the measurable physical quantity is limited to strain or temperature, which directly interacts with the fiber cavity itself. If a functional fiber sensor can be installed into the fiber OFC cavity, the measurable physical quantity will be largely expanded. In this paper, we introduce a MMI fiber sensor into a ring-type fiber OFC cavity for refractive index measurement. We confirmed the refractive-index-dependent frep shift.
Photo-acoustic imaging is a promising modality for deep tissue imaging with high spatial resolution in the field of biology and medicine. High penetration depth and spatial resolution of the photo-acoustic imaging is achieved by means of the advantages of optical and ultrasound imaging, i.e. tightly focused beam confines ultrasound-generated region within micrometer scale and the ultrasound can propagate through tissues without significant energy loss. To enhance the detection sensitivity and penetration depth of the photo-acoustic imaging, highly sensitive ultrasound detector is greatly desired. In this study, we proposed a novel ultrasound detector employing optical frequency comb (OFC) cavity. Ultrasound generated by the excitation of tightly focused laser beam onto a sample was sensed with a part of an OFC cavity, being encoded into OFC. The spectrally encoded OFC was converted to radio-frequency by the frequency link nature of OFC. The ultrasound-encoded radio-frequency can therefore be directly measured with a high-speed photodetector. We constructed an OFC cavity for ultrasound sensing with a ring-cavity erbium-doped fiber laser. We provided a proof-of-principle demonstration of the detection of ultrasound that was generated by a transducer operating at 10 MHz. Our proposed approach will serve as a unique and powerful tool for detecting ultrasounds for photo-acoustic imaging in the future.
Optical Frequency combs can be used as a tool for fully controlling the phase and frequency information of light waves, i.e., “optical synthesizer”. It provides powerful tools not only in frequency metrology as “ultraprecise frequency ruler” but also in broad area since light wave can be used to its full extent with an extremely wide dynamic range. Frequency-traceable length measurement using frequency combs provides direct realization of the definition of meter, remote calibration using a GPS technology, and precise measurements of wide range of lengths by taking advantage of high dynamic range in frequency measurements. In this paper, ultrahigh-precision length metrology using fiber-based optical frequency combs are presented. By precisely controlling the frequency and phase of the combs, self-correction of air refractive index and noise cancellation in fiber path in interferometer are demonstrated. Heterodyne interferometry of 61- m path-length based on two-color optical frequency combs is developed for air-refractive-index correction. Measured two-color optical-path-differences agreed with calculations with 10−11 for 10-hour. Corrected distance variation agreed with thermal expansion of base-plate. A fiber-based optical frequency comb interferometer with 168-m-length reference path was stabilized to nm-level with fiber noise cancellation technique using a single frequency CW laser. Extremely wide range interferometric fringe scanning of 3.3-m path length
High-accuracy long-distance is performed using a broad and stable femtosecond frequency comb. Cyclic-error, which has been the main source of inaccuracy in conventional measurements, is reduced more than tenfold, directly achieving high accuracies of 50 μm at 1-GHz frequency and 14 μm at 10-GHz frequency in a 240-m distance measurement using the phase measurement of intermode beats of a femtosecond frequency comb. Traceability of distance meters is discussed.
The use of an optical frequency comb generated by an ultrafast mode-locked laser has been realized as a promising method of the direct comparison between microwave and optical frequencies. We are currently investigating frequency control of a chirped-mirror-dispersion-controlled mode-locked Ti:Al2O3 laser. We stabilized the pulse repetition rate frep to a rf synthesizer locked to a cesium (Cs) clock to the Allan deviation of 4 X 10-12 in 1 s. We found that the position of the crystal, rotation of the chirped mirrors, and change of the pump-laser power can be used in controlling the carrier-envelope offset frequency fCEO. We extended the span of the comb to over one octave, i.e., from 530 nm to 1190 nm, at -20 dB using a photonic-crystal fiber made at the University of Bath. We are currently trying to measure the frequency of an iodine-stabilized Nd:YAG laser using a floating ruler of a f:2f frequency interval chain. We detected the self-referencing beat between the fundamental and second- harmonic frequencies of the comb, which will enable further precise comparison between microwave and optical frequencies through the control of the fCEO.
For real-time 3D imaging using chirped optical pulses and a femtosecond optical Kerr shutter to measure the shape accurately, we need to develop a spectral imaging method which has a high-resolution in both space and spectrum. The spectral property of the light which is generated from the chirped pulse by the femtosecond optical Kerr shutter, the wavelength is measured as the line spectrum. Therefore, the wavelength can be determined by two detectors with different spectral properties. To obtain the line spectral image, we proposed a pair of filters, the transmissivities of which vary monotonously with the wavelength, one increases with the wavelength, the other decreases. Since the ratio between the transmissivities of the two filters changes monotonously for wavelength range of 550 - 750 nm, the wavelength of line spectrum is determined uniquely for the range with a simple function of the ratio. These filters were set in front of two monochromatic CCDs which are aligned to take an image. The resolution to determine the wavelength is tested with a monochrometer and the standard deviation for each pixel is estimated to be about 10 nm. Compared the methods of color CCD and spectrometer, this method of pair-CCDs has high spatial resolution, uniform spectral resolution, wide spectral measurement range, and simple setup.
Optical Kerr gate with a function of light amplification and a femtosecond opening time in a special fast setup is applied to time-resolved imaging. Transient induced anisotropy created by a first pump pulse is canceled by the perpendicular-induced anisotropy which is created by a delayed pump. The transverse resolution of the image is better than 90 micrometers without degradation originated from optical Kerr effect or optical amplification process. Moreover, rather wide spectral band of the gate offers the possibility of spectroscopic imaging. 3D imaging of small- signal objects using the femtosecond amplifying optic al Kerr gate are demonstrated for several types of transmittance objects hidden behind light diffusers.
Time-resolved difference absorption spectra of J-aggregates in ethyleneglycol/water glass were measured by femtosecond pump- probe spectroscopy. the induced absorption near the J-band at 20 K was assigned to the transitions from n-exciton states to (n + 1)-exciton states (n >= 1). The decay time of the n(>= 2)-exciton states is determined to be about 200 fs. For applications of the J-aggregates as nonlinear optical deices, we present a new fabrication method, called vertical spin-coating, to prepare highly oriented 1D J-aggregates dispersed in polymer films. The films are stable even at room temperature. Linear dichroic spectra of the oriented J-aggregate of 1,1'-diethyl- 2,2'-quinocyanine bromide were measured. The dichroic ratio at the peak of J-band was 5 to 10, depending on the preparation conditions. Precise measurement of the dichroism at the J-band revealed that the J-band is composed of two bands with transition dipole moment perpendicular to each other. Large change in a static dipole moment upon electronic excitation was unexpectedly observed in the oriented J-aggregates by electromodulation spectroscopy. The difference absorption spectra due to the Kerr effect were induced by changes in a static dipole moment and a polarizability. The change in the static dipole moment associated with the transition from the ground state to the exciton state were measured with the applied AC field of Hz and the polarization parallel and perpendicular to the 1D axis of the oriented J-aggregates.
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