The use of high-power continuous wave (CW) lasers in the emerging directed energy (DE) market has put greater emphasis on the quality of optical coatings. These coatings (both high reflectance and anti-reflection) require high damage thresholds for use at irradiances up to and greater than 1 MW/cm2. The challenge in the coating process is to minimize the number of coating defects that can contribute to absorption and eventual coating failure. The industry lacks standardized testing to detect possible defects at the required irradiances for DE optics. To aid in the development of coating designs and production techniques for DE related optics, we have constructed a high-irradiance Ytterbium fiber laser-based scanning metrology system to detect absorbing defects in DE optical coatings. Defects are detected by their localized thermal heating creating a hot-spot. The goal of this work is to continually improve the coating, increase the laser damage threshold, and contribute to a standard for the testing and validation of directed energy optical coatings.
A number of non invasive methods have been developed to characterize parameters in near-surface skin tissue; however, the work has usually been concerned with using either spectral or spatial information. This motivated our study in which both spatial and spectral data are used to extract features for characterizing the spatial distribution of near-surface oxygen saturation. This paper addresses combined physical and statistical models to retrieve the ratio of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin in tissues from data collected by an imaging spectrometer. To retrieve the oxygen saturation fraction from the data, algorithms from the literature using two or three wavelengths were compared to our new algorithm using the many more wavelengths (25 to 60) available in imaging spectrometer data, and noise reduction achieved through principal component transformations.
In addition to the analysis of experimental spectral imagery, an oxygen saturation phantom of size 128x128 pixels was simulated. In the forward process, a reflectance image was constructed from an assumed oxygen saturation map and the absorption coefficients of oxy- hemoglobin, deoxy-hemoglobin, melanin and other chromophores. The reflectance data have 60 bands spanning 400 nm to 990 nm with 10 nm intervals in the spectral dimension. Varying amounts of white Gaussian noise was added to the reflectance data to simulate measurement errors in an actual experiment. In the backward process, an oxygen saturation image was reconstructed by applying the algorithm to study the effect of measurement error on the retrieved saturation fraction. The resultant images were evaluated by their mean squared error.
The emergence of compact optical spectral imaging technologies has motivated the study of their use in a variety of applications, including medical diagnosis and monitoring. In particular, large format CCD focal planes in conjunction with spectrally tunable devices offer enhanced spatial information together with visible and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic data for the passive, noninvasive, measurement of human skin and near surface tissue characteristics. One such spectral imaging system was recently developed by mating a Liquid Crystal Tunable Filter (LCTF) together with a 2048x2048 silicon CCD focal plane. This system is capable of collecting more than 30 co-registered spectral images spaced every 10 nanometers and spanning 400 to 720 nanometers. This system combines the potential of near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with the high spatial resolution of traditional optical imaging techniques. Spectral images were acquired of portions of the hands and arms of several test subjects with a variety of features observable. The observations were collected in a "light box" under controlled illumination conditions. Images of a diffuse reflectance standard and instrument dark frames were collected to allow conversion of the raw images to spectral reflectance images. This paper presents examples of the spectral images collected, instrument characteristics and performance, and results of analysis algorithms applied to the data. Results also are shown for a new algorithm extracting the saturated oxygen hemoglobin fraction from these data.
The Rochester Institute of Technology Multi-Object Spectrometer (RITMOS) utilizes a Texas Instruments Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) for target selection, instead of the fiber bundles or customized slit masks normally used in multi-object spectroscopy. The DMD, which sits at the telescope focal plane, is an 848 x 600 array of 17 micron square mirrors that can individually deflect incident light into one of two output paths: an imaging path or a spectroscopy path. In standard operation, all light is deflected towards the imaging path, consisting of an Offner relay which reimages the DMD onto a CCD detector. The locations of spectroscopic targets are then noted, and the micromirrors corresponding to these targets are then deflected towards the spectroscopy path. This path utilizes a 1200 l/mm transmission grating to disperse images of the micromirror pattern onto a second CCD detector. The spectroscopic parameters (e.g., 0.66 Å/pixel dispersion for a 13.5 micron/pixel detector) were chosen for MK spectral classification. Among the benefits of replacing a fiber bundle or custom slit mask with a DMD are the latter's instantaneous reconfigurability and its aptitude for the study of compact fields. RITMOS is thus suited towards spectral classification surveys of star clusters. We present a description of the instrument, details of its design, and initial measurements, including multi-object stellar spectra.
KEYWORDS: Digital micromirror devices, Micromirrors, Mirrors, Spectroscopy, Imaging spectroscopy, Spectrographs, Digital signal processing, Control systems, Astronomical imaging, Spatial light modulators
The availability of optical MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) is promising to revolutionize optical instrument design. We are developing a multiobject imaging spectrometer based on a commercially available optical MEMS--the Texas Instrument's Digital Micromirror Device (DMD)TM. The micromirror array is laced at an image plane of an optical system, and is used as a spatial light modulator to redirect portions of the image into the spectrograph. The programmability of the micromirror array allows the creation of arbitrary `slit' patterns as input to the spectrograph. In addition, by controlling the dwell time of each micromirror individually, it is possible to adaptively extend the dynamic range of the spectral imaging system.
The digital micromirror device (DMD) is a micro-optical- electro-mechanical structure consisting of an array of 16 micrometers X 16 micrometers square mirrors positioned on a 17 micrometers pitch. Each individual mirror can be tilted +/- 10 degrees relative to the DMD substrate; the tilt is along the diagonal direction of the micromirror. The device was invented and manufactured by Texas Instruments (TI), Inc. TI packages the DMD as an OEM product for use in projection displays. We are investigating the use of the DMD as a spatial light modulator for precision imaging and spectroscopy applications. This includes optical characterization of the device, as well as systems engineering to operate the device. Some of the performance metrics to be considered are the diffraction efficiency, optical-switching contrast, background scattering properties, mirror crosstalk, and the modulation transfer function.
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