In this work we report a -24dB LP11 mode suppression in a 7+1 to 1 Backward Pump-Signal Combiner. The mode content is measured using the S2 -Measurement technique. The high signal beam quality is attributed to a low overlap splice loss between the Tapered Fiber Bundle and the output fiber. The combiner output fiber is large mode area with a LP01 mode effective area of 584 um2.
We report 6 kW pump limited power handling in a 7+1 to 1 Pump-Signal Combiner. The high pump transmission efficiency of 98% and optimal thermal management of the combiner package enables a low thermal slope of 0.0037 C/W measured up to 6 kW of pump power. The low thermal slope allows for a potential 9 kW pump power handling capacity of the 7+1 to 1 combiner.
We report results from a new Yb-doped gain fiber with increased higher-order-mode (HOM) loss, compared to conventional step-index fibers. The fiber had 20 µm mode-field diameter (MFD), high absorption, and high transverse-mode instability (TMI) threshold. TMI-free operation with 5 kW output power was demonstrated from a 9 m length of gain fiber, limited by pump power. The large MFD and high absorption allowed for a 7.5 m long amplifier with greater than 80% o-o efficiency and the Raman peak more than 50 dB below the signal. These results were also enabled by a new, small-size, 7+1:1 pump-signal combiner.
In this work we demonstrate, a high brightness, high transmission Pump Signal Combiner (PSC) operating at 2.1 kW for 10 minutes mounted on a metal plate without running cooling water (Passively Cooled). The 6+1 to 1 PSC tested in this work has six 247 μm cladding diameter 0.22NA pump pigtails, a 10/125um signal pigtail and a 20/400um double clad output fiber. The combiners achieve a high pump transmission efficiency of 98%. During the passively cooled highpower test conducted at a power of 2.1 kW the maximum temperature recorded on the surface of the package was at a temperature of 38.5°C for 10min of power aging.
In this work we demonstrate a high transmission pump combiner that can operate uncooled at a maximum power of 400W for a continuous duration of 100hrs. The 7x1 pump combiner has seven 105/125 μm diameter 0.22 NA input pump fibers and a 247 μm diameter and 0.22 NA glass clad output fiber. The combiner has a high, 99%, pump transmission efficiency. These devices withstand without failure, a series of environmental stress tests, namely Thermal Cycling (-40 to 85ºC) and Damp Humidity (85ºC/85RH). These tests are conducted to uncover any latent defects in the device structure. The combiner’s also survive an elevated temperature of 75ºC at a power of 365W for duration of 5hrs, without any noticeable change in pump transmission.
Multicore fiber enables a parallel optic data link with a single optical fiber, thus providing an attractive way to increase the total throughput and the integration density of the interconnections. We study and present photonics integration technologies and optical coupling approaches for multicore transmitter and receiver subassemblies. Such optical engines are implemented and characterized using multimode 6-core fibers and multicore-optimized active devices: 850-nm VCSEL and PD arrays with circular layout and multi-channel driver and receiver ICs. They are developed for bit-rates of 25 Gbps/channel and beyond, i.e. <150 Gbps per fiber, and also optimized for ruggedized transceivers with extended operation temperature range, for harsh environment applications, including space.
We demonstrate a high brightness, polarization maintaining 42+1 to 1 cascaded combiner system which consists of a tree architecture with one 6+1 to 1 pump-signal combiner pumped with six multimode pump combiners. The cascaded combiner system has a pump efficiency of 95%, high beam quality with greater than 20dB PER. In this work the higher brightness of the combiner system is driven by choice of optimized pump fibers and high efficiency of multimode pump combiners that operate at an average pump efficiency of 99%.
A novel approach for stripping cladding light from double clad fibers is demonstrated. This is achieved by index matching the cladding of the fiber with a glass capillary collapsed onto the fiber, allowing the cladding modes to expand in a larger volume of the capillary before they are dissipated through a high-index heat sink material into a metal package. We minimize the signal quality degradation by using a lower melting point capillary glass. We demonstrate a device with 100W cladding power removed with 99% (20dB) extinction. Continuous operation for an hour without any power degradation is demonstrated.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Cladding, Fiber optics sensors, Chemical elements, Fiber optics, Optical fibers, Chemical fiber sensors, Scanning electron microscopy, Temperature metrology, Refractive index
We report the early stage development of an intrinsic fiber optic sensor to detect the presence of nerve agent sarin simulant dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). The sensor design is based on the modified cladding or coating approach. Conducting polymer polypyrrole is the chemo-optic transducer, i.e., is used as a modified cladding material. Sensitivity to approximately 134 ppm of DMMP is demonstrated in the developed sensor, with a sensor response of 20 mV and a response time of 2 sec. Morphology characterization of the polypyrrole is performed by scanning electron microscopy. Selectivity study of the developed sensor is presented by exposing the sensing element to other gases like acetone and ammonia. Influence of temperature and humidity on the developed sensor is investigated, along with ambient aging of polypyrrole films.
Chemical sensors play a very important role when it comes to information gathering about the environment we live in. Conducting polymers have been used as transducer elements in many sensor devices as they offer great design flexibility, ease of processing and excellent environmental stability. Conducting polymer polypyrrole has found applications in the area of chemical sensing, primarily because of the conductivity modulation that comes about in it due to interaction with gases. In this paper, conducting polymer thin films are applied to optical fibers as a chemo-chromic transducer to sense toxic gases like ammonia, dimethylmethylphosphonate (a chemical precursor to nerve gas sarin) and organic vapors like acetone. The developed sensor device is based on the modified cladding or coating approach. In the sensor design, a small section of the optical fiber cladding is replaced by the conducting polymer polypyrrole. The optical property changes that come about in polypyrrole due to the presence of the gas leads to a change in the transmission properties of the fiber and hence gas sensing via intensity modulation.
Thin film coatings of polypyrrole have been extensively used as gas sensors in chemiresistors where the films are deposited on insulating substrates. These polypyrrole films have also been used as coatings to glass optical fiber as a chemo-chromic transducer for gas sensing. For long term mechanical durability of these sensing films, their adhesion to the substrate is very important. Adhesion between polypyrrole films and glass slide substrates is investigated for solution deposited polypyrrole films. The substrate surface is investigated in terms of addition of silane coupling agents and substrate surface roughness, for enhancement of the film substrate adhesion. The adhesion test is performed by the standard ASTM D - 4541 Pull-off Test Method. The films deposited on as-received slides are characterized for their electrical conductivity and optical transmission for their use in both chemiresistor and optical fiber sensor applications for nerve agent DMMP (di-methylmethylphosphonate) sensing.
The concept of modified cladding based sensors represents the largest class of intrinsic fiber optic chemical sensors. In this design, the passive cladding of the optical fiber is replaced by an active coating, called modified cladding. The analyte in this case diffuses into the coating and induces changes in the absorbance, fluorescence, or some other spectroscopic property of the modified cladding, the coating acts as a chemo-chromic transducer and sensing takes place by intensity modulation. This design i.e. of the coating based sensors, has found enormous applicability in the realm of chemical and biochemical sensing which also includes environmental monitoring and detection of chemical warfare agents.
In this paper, the development of an intrinsic fiber optic sensor for detection of organophosphate dimethyl-methyl phoshopnate (DMMP) is presented. DMMP is a chemical precursor to the nerve agent sarin. The chemo-chromic transducer material used as a modified coating on the fiber core is NDSA (Naphthalene disulphonic acid) doped polypyrrole. This coating material shows conductivity and absorbance change when exposed to DMMP. The fabrication of the sensor device is a three step process which involves (a) etching a small section of the optical fiber to expose the core, (b) coating the etched section of the optical fiber with the polymer, (c) integration of sensor components and testing. Thin film characterization is done using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer on in-situ coated films of polypyrrole on a glass substrate to check for absorbance change upon exposure to DMMP. The development procedure is presented next and encouraging results are discussed.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.