Publisher's Note: This paper, originally published on 30 July 2024, was replaced with a corrected/revised version on 8 November 2024. If you downloaded the original PDF but are unable to access the revision, please contact SPIE Digital Library Customer Service for assistance.
High precision sub-arcsecond pointing stability has become a capability widely utilized in the balloon-borne community, in particular for high resolution optical systems. However, many of these applications are also pushing the state-of-the-art with regards to detector technology, many forms of which require some level of cryogenic cooling and active dissipative cooling systems to achieve target performance specifications. Built on the success of the Super-pressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope (SuperBIT) experiment, we present the results of improved technologies and design methodologies applied to the EXoplanet Infrared TElescope (EXCITE), which uses active cryogenic systems to achieve detector performance while requiring pointing stability at the 100 milliarcsecond level. Results from EXCITE's recent balloon-borne campaign are presented within the context of Super-pressure Balloon (SPB) and Long Duration Balloon (LDB) applications.
We discuss the final assembly, integration, and testing of the Star-Planet Activity Research CubeSat. SPARCS is a 6U CubeSat mission designed to monitor the dual-channel, far-UV (153-176 nm) and near-UV (258-308 nm) photometric activity of nearby low mass stars to advance our understanding of their evolution, activity, and the habitability of surrounding exoplanets. This paper details the assembly of the SPARCS instrument and the testing process to characterize and validate the performance of the payload prior to spacecraft integration. To test SPARCS, we have established a customized CubeSat AIT laboratory and thermal vacuum chamber at ASU equipped to handle CubeSats requiring meticulous contamination control for work in the FUV. After a brief overview of these facilities and the testing plan, we will detail the methods and data used to verify the performance of SPARCS and generate calibration products to reduce raw flight data to high-quality science products. The result will be the delivery of the first highly sensitive FUV astrophysics CubeSat which will inform exoplanet environments and future observations of these systems by facilities like the Habitable Worlds Observatory.
The EXoplanet Climate Infrared TElescope (EXCITE) is a near-infrared spectrograph (0.8-3.5 μm, R∼50) designed for measuring spectroscopic phase curves of transiting hot Jupiter-type exoplanets that operates off a high-altitude balloon platform. Phase curves produce a combination of phase curve and transit/eclipse spectroscopy, providing a wealth of information for characterizing exoplanet atmospheres. EXCITE will be a firstof- kind dedicated telescope uniquely able to observe a target nearly uninterrupted for tens of hours, enabling phase curve measurements, and complementing JWST. The spectrometer has two channels, a 0.8-2.5 μm band and a 2.5-3.5 μm band, providing a spectrum with a spectral resolution of R≥50. Two Off-Axis Parabolic (OAP) mirrors reimage the telescope focal plane to provide on-axis, diffraction-limited performance, wth a CaF2 prism providing dispersion. The spectrum is imaged with a single JWST flight spare Teledyne H2RG detector, providing Nyquist sampling of each channel. Here, we discuss the spectrograph’s mechanical design, acceptance testing, assembly, and cryostat integration.
The EXoplanet Climate Infrared TElescope (EXCITE) is an instrument designed to measure spectroscopic phase curves of extrasolar hot Jupiters from a long duration balloon platform. EXCITE will fly a moderate resolution spectrometer housed inside of a cryogenic receiver actively cooled by two linear pulse tube cryocoolers. Here we provide the current status of the design and performance of the cryogenic receiver, its heat rejection mechanism, and associated control electronics. A recirculating methanol fluid loop rejects heat from the cryocoolers and transports it to sky-facing radiator panels mounted to the gondola. The cryocoolers are controlled by drive electronics with active vibration reduction functionality to minimize the impact of vibrations on pointing stability. We discuss the thermal and vibrational performance of the cryogenic receiver during ground-based pointing tests in its 2023 field campaign in Ft. Sumner, NM and present its current status as EXCITE prepares for its 2024 test flight campaign.
The EXoplanet Climate Infrared TElescope (EXCITE) experiment is a balloon-borne, purpose-designed mission to measure spectroscopic phase curves of short-period extrasolar giant planets (EGPs, or “hot Jupiters”). Here, we present EXCITE’s principal science instrument: a high-throughput, single-object spectrograph operating in the 0.8-2.5 µm and 2.5-4.0 µm bands with R≥50. Our compact design achieves diffraction-limited, on-axis performance with just three powered optics: two off-axis parabolic mirrors and a CaF2 prism. We discuss the optical and mechanical design, the expected optical performance of the spectrograph, and summarize the tolerances needed to achieve that performance. We also discuss plans for establishing alignment of the optics and verifying the optical performance.
The EXoplanet Climate Infrared TElescope (EXCITE) is a 0.5 meter near-infrared spectrograph that will fly from a high altitude balloon platform. EXCITE is designed to perform phase-resolved spectroscopy – continuous spectroscopic observations of a planet’s entire orbit about its host star – of transiting hot Jupiter-type exoplanets. With spectral coverage from 0.8 – 4 um, EXCITE will measure the peak of a target’s spectral energy distribution and the spectral signatures of many hydrogen and carbon-containing molecules. Phase curve observations are highly resource intensive, especially for shared-use facilities, and they require exceptional photometric stability that is difficult to achieve, even from space. In this work, we introduce the EXCITE experiment and explain how it will solve both these problems. We discuss its sensitivity and stability, then provide an update on its current status as we work toward a 2024 long duration science flight.
The EXoplanet Climate Infrared TElescope (EXCITE) is an instrument dedicated to measuring spectroscopic phase curves of extrasolar giant planets. EXCITE will carry a moderate resolution near-infrared spectrograph and will fly on a long duration balloon mission. We give an overview of the mechanical and thermal design and development status of the EXCITE cryogenic receiver. Active cooling for the EXCITE cryostat is provided by two linear pulse-tube cryocoolers. We discuss cryocooler thermal performance, integration of the spectrometer and detector, and the mounting scheme that attaches the cryostat to the backplate of the telescope. To reject heat power from the cryocoolers, gravity-assisted copper-methanol thermosyphons will maintain cryocooler temperatures within 20 ◦C of ambient temperature during operation. We discuss the results of preliminary thermal modeling of the thermosyphons as well as performance testing of a prototype built for in-lab verification.
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