We report a head-mounted photoacoustic fiberscope for cerebral imaging in a freely behaving mouse. The 4.5-gram imaging probe has a 9-µm lateral resolution and 0.2-Hz frame rate over a 1.2-mm wide area. The probe can continuously monitor cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamic responses at single-vessel resolution, showing significantly different cerebrovascular responses to external stimuli under anesthesia and in the freely moving state. When mice subjected to high-concentration CO2 respiration, enhanced oxygenation to compensate for hypercapnia can be visualized in freely moving state. Comparative studies exhibit significantly weakened compensation capabilities in obese mice. This new imaging modality shows promise in neuroscience studies.
Optical fiber enables the implementation of flexible medical endoscopes. Here, we present the development of fiber-optic endoscopic ultrasound, which utilizes laser pulse absorption to generate ultrasound waves and a fiber-optic acoustic sensor to detect echo waves. Compared to its piezoelectric counterpart, the fiber-optic sensor has a significantly higher detection sensitivity and broader bandwidth. As a result, we were able to perform in vivo rotational-scanning (or B-mode) imaging of the gastrointestinal tract and extraluminal structures of a rat with an operating frequency of 20 MHz, an imaging depth of 2 cm, and a frame rate of 1 Hz.
Here we report a high performance fiber-based photoacoustic microscope for brain sO2 imaging. The critical element is a fiber-optic ultrasound sensor, which translates the megahertz acoustic waves into detectable lasing frequency variations. Its working bandwidth has been extended to 40 MHz, by reducing the fiber diameter to 58 μm via chemical etching, this sensor should good result in brain sO2 imaging. The fiber-based PAM offers a new strategy to implement a head-mounted microscope to continuously monitor the brain activities of an awake, free-moving small animal.
We present the all-fiber approach towards building a miniatured, optical-resolution photoacoustic endoscope. The catheter encapsulates two optical fibers for optical excitation and ultrasound detection, respectively. The ultrasound waves are detected with the laser-based fiber optic sensor, with a diameter of 125 μm, instead of a focused piezoelectric transducer. Photoacoustic endoscopic images from a rat rectum have been acquired in vivo with a range of 6.3 mm, a lateral resolution of 10 μm, and a 285° angular field-of-view. The catheter has a diameter of 2.3 mm and can be further reduced by replacing the bulk prism reflector.
KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Sensors, Fiber optics sensors, Photoacoustic tomography, Signal to noise ratio, Birefringence, In vivo imaging, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Brain, Neuroimaging
Optical detection of ultrasound for photoacoustic imaging has received great interest. Recently, we have developed a new fiber-optic ultrasound sensor by exploiting dual-polarization fiber laser. It offers high sensitivity (40 Pa over 50 MHz) as well as good stability as a result of the self-heterodyning detection. In this work, the signal-to-noise ratio has been enhanced by suppressing the noise of the ultrasound sensing system via signal averaging. As a result of multiple measurements of a single photoacoustic signal, the total noise was reduced by 40%. With the enhanced detection capability, the sensors have been deployed as photoacoustic probes in different imaging modalities. We demonstrate fastscanning photoacoustic microscopy with a field-of-view 2×2 mm2, a frame rate of 2 Hz to visualize the blood flow dynamics. By bending the flexible fiber optic sensor for geometrical focusing, PACT was realized to image a mouse brain with a spatial resolution of 70 μm. An all-fiber photoacoustic endoscope was built to in vivo image the vascular network of a rat rectum, with a lateral resolution of 10 μm, with a 2.3-mm probe diameter.
As one of the most proven fiber optic sensors, novel fiber Bragg gratings are continually investigated to extend their roles in extreme environments. In this paper, a newly found “secondary Bragg grating” (SBG) is proposed. The presence of SBG occurs in the case of the type-IIa Bragg grating inscribed in small active fibers, where an additional resonance appears at the shorter wavelength. The SBG provides a variety of interesting characteristics, such as the dip integration, high temperature resistance and high reflectivity, showing promising potential in high temperature sensing.
In fast functional photoacoustic microscopy (FPAM), the detection and monitoring of the oxygen saturation are important to monitor tissue functionality and disease progress. FPAM needs multi-wavelength pulsed laser sources with high pulse repetition rates, sufficient pulse energies and short wavelength switching time. Here, we develop a multi-wavelength pulsed laser source based on the stimulated Raman-scattering effect. The new laser is based on a 532-nm 1-MHz pulsed laser. The 532-nm laser pulse is split into two beams: one pumps a 5-m optical fiber to excite a 558-nm wavelength via stimulated Raman scattering; the other one propagates through a 50-m optical fiber to delay the pulse by 220 nano second so that the excitation wavelengths can be separated in time for fast functional photoacoustic imaging. The two beams are spatially combined and coupled into an optical fiber for photoacoustic excitation. Consequently, the new laser source can generate 2 million pulses per second, switch wavelengths in 220 ns, and provide hundreds of nano-Joules pulse energy for each wavelength. Using this laser source, we demonstrate optical-resolution photoacoustic imaging of microvascular structure and oxygen saturation in the mouse ear. The ultrashort wavelength switching time enables oxygen saturation imaging of flowing single red blood cells.
Label-free fiber optical biosensor has a promising prospect in “point-of-care” (POC) test for disease diagnosis. A sensitive label-free fiber-optic based immunosensor for quantitative Cardiac Troponin I (cTn-I) testing has been proposed by using a phase-shifted Bragg grating directly inscribed in microfiber. The fine notch signal in the grating spectrum remarkably enhances the ability of the sensor in detecting an extremely small amount of immune binding events, which is essential for AMI diagnosis at very early stage. A cTn-I concentration of 6 pg/mL is enough to arouse the response of the sensor with high specificity. According to the log-linear range of the concentration between 0.1-10 ng/mL, measurements with shorter detection time are analyzed to demonstrate the potential of the sensor in the fast screen of the high-risk patients. The proposed sensing probe is compact and feasible, easy to handle, fabricate and network, making itself a competitive candidate in POC diagnosis of AMI.
A compact fiber grating laser has been exploited as an ultrasound sensor to probe optically induced spherical elastic waves, taking advantage of its response in beat-frequency variation of the laser output. Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is further implemented with such a sensor by raster scanning the excitation light with a 2-axis galvo scanner. A PAM image of mouse ear with a field width of 2 mm is demonstrated. The wide field-of-view of the sensor allows the implementation of fast-scanning PAMs which is attractive for in vivo imaging applications.
We have developed a chip-scale optofluidic sensor for biomolecular detection, by tapering laterally aligned silica microfiber and capillary to form a modal interferometer. With the pre-immobilization of DNA probes, the sensor is capable of selectively detecting single-stranded microRNA-let7a (molecular weight: 6.5 k) by measuring the spectral shift of the interferometric spectrum. A log-linear response from 2 nM to 20 μM and a minimum detectable concentration of 212 pM (1.43 ng/mL) have been achieved. The sensor is promising for future diagnosis applications due to its high sensitivity, resistance to environmental perturbations, improved portability, and intrinsic connection to fiber optic measurement.
We demonstrate an accelerometer based on a dual-frequency DBR fiber laser with a resolution of 6 μg/Hz1/2 at 1 kHz. The accelerometer is implemented by mounting a 250-milligram proof mass onto the laser cavity and converting the vibration into change in beat frequency between the two orthogonal polarization lasing modes. Experimental result shows that the sensitivity reaches 1.7 MHz/g at 1 kHz with a working bandwidth over 1 kHz. The high resolution is also a result of the noise level as low as 10 Hz/Hz1/2 due to the compensation between the two lasing modes. The present accelerometer with extremely high resolution and light weight is promising for geophysical applications.
We realize a microdroplet-etched fiber Fabry-Perot resonator. Strong polarization discrimination is achieved due to the asymmetric fiber cross section in the cavity, which should be useful for improving the measurement precision in the refractive index (RI) sensing application. The measured RI sensitivities are ~133.8 nm/RI-unit for the x polarization and 117.1 nm/RI-unit for the y polarizations, respectively. Simultaneously, the temperature effect can be eliminated by monitoring the peak difference of the two polarizations, which have the similar temperature coefficient but different RI responses.
In this paper, an abnormal grating evolution was recorded during microfiber Bragg grating (mFBG) inscription under 193nm excimer laser. Within 20 minutes exposing, a Type IIa FBG could be obtained with above 20dB strength in 8.5 μm microfiber. This regenerated mFBG had good survival ability against high temperature up to 800 °C. Moreover, the strain response of the regenerated grating was enlarged by the microfiber structure. Thus, highly sensitive strain sensor with considerable temperature resistance could be obtained, which had potential applications in gas/oil and aerospace territory.
A novel fiber-optic magnetic field sensor is proposed by embedding a heterodyning fiber laser into an epoxy resin bonded magnetostrictive composite material with Terfenol-D particles doped. The magnetic field induced strain in the magnetostrictive composite material is converted to transversal stress by a structure which is applied to the fiber laser to produce beat note frequency changes for measurement. The response of the proposed sensor is measured, which shows a quite good directivity with a sensitivity of 10.5 Hz/μT to magnetic field and a large measurable range up to about 0.3 T.
A highly-birefringent elliptic microfiber is fabricated by use of the CO2-laser machining and fusion tapering methods. The fiber ellipse can be well controlled with modification of the CO2 laser output power. Both positive and negative sensitivities are observed for the structure to be used in the refractive index sensing application, in contrast to the previously-reported microfiber devices. Moreover, the maximum obtained sensitivity is as high as 195348nm/RIU (refractive index unit) around refractive index of 1.35887, which is one order of magnitude higher than other microfiber counterparts. The temperature-cross sensitivity of 0.007nm/°C is quite low.
We demonstrate an acid-based sensor from the biofuncationalized microfiber Bragg grating. By electrostatic selfassembly layer-by-layer technique, the film consisting of sodium alginate which has hygroscopic response to the potential of hydrogen is coated on the fiber surface. Consequently, the refractive index variation of the sensing film caused by water absorption can be measured by mFBG’s higher order mode peak which can be translated into pH value information. The sensitivity of the sensor is received as high as 265pm/pH.
We demonstrate the ability of a fiber grating laser with dual-polarization, single-longitudinal-mode output to measure an extremely small mass (or transverse load). The minimum detectable mass is 0.28 milligram by reducing the noise level of the output beat signal.
We have proposed a novel magnetic field sensor based on orthogonally-polarized dual-frequency fiber laser and Faraday effect. In this paper, we propose a method to enhance the sensitivity of such Faraday effect based heterodyning fiber laser magnetic field sensor by tuning the intra-cavity intrinsic linear birefringence. We demonstrate that the sensitivity to magnetic field intensity is inversely proportional to the linear birefringence. A CO2-laser treatment is therefore proposed to tune the intra-cavity linear birefringence. With CO2-laser treatment to lower the intra-cavity linear birefringence, the sensitivities of heterodyning fiber laser sensors to magnetic field can be enhanced.
A dual-polarization fiber grating laser is proposed to sense a magnetic field by attaching the fiber laser to a copper wire. When an electrical current is injected into the copper wire and a perpendicular magnetic field is applied, the current generates Ampere force to squeeze the fiber laser and change the birefringence inside the laser cavity, resulting in beat note frequency change. The magnetic field induced beat note frequency change can be discriminated from environment disturbances by applying an alternating current, which therefore demonstrates a novel miniature fiber-optic magnetic field sensor with high sensitivity and inherent immunity to disturbances.
We demonstrated a simple method for temperature-independent refractive index measurement by use of two cascaded fiber Bragg gratings fabricated in single-mode fiber and microfiber, respectively. The reflective peaks of the two FBGs exhibit almost identical temperature sensitivity of 10.1 pm/°C and different responses to ambient refractive index. Based on the differential measurement method, of the issue of temperature cross-sensitivity for FBG sensors is solved. The refractive-index sensitivity of the sensor is 17.22 nm/RIU when the diameter of microfiber is 6.5 μm.
A Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based on a pair of long period gratings (LPGs) fabricated by silica microfiber for sensing applications is demonstrated. Each LPG with only 6 deformations was fabricated by using a pulsed CO2 laser to periodically modify the surface of the microfiber through only one scanning cycle. Owing to the relatively large effective refractive index (RI) difference between the fundamental and higher order modes of the microfiber LPG, the size of the microfiber MZI can reach as short as 8.84mm when the diameter of the microfiber is 9.5μm. The microfiber MZI can exhibit a high sensitivity of around 2225nm per refractive index unit and temperature sensitivity of only 11.7 pm/°C. Featured with the easy fabrication, excellent compactness, high sensitivity and stability, the microfiber MZI has potential in the microfiber-based devices and sensors.
A silicon steel sheet is proposed in this paper to work as a magnetic field concentrator to enhance the sensitivity of a Faraday effect based magnetic field sensor using a dual-polarization fiber grating laser. When the silicon steel sheet is placed close to the cavity of the fiber grating laser, the magnetic field is concentrated around the silicon steel sheet and hence the fiber grating laser experience stronger magnetic field than the case without the silicon steel sheet, which results in a larger magnetic field induced beat note frequency change after photodetection of the two orthogonally polarized laser outputs. With the same axial magnetic field, the experiment results confirm that the sensitivity of the sensor with a silicon steel sheet is improved over the one without a silicon steel sheet, which validates our proposal.
In this paper, we demonstrate a hydrostatic pressure sensor based on a liquid filled solid-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF). A single cladding hole of the PCF is selectively filled with the assistance of femtosecond laser micromachining. The filled PCF presents several loss dips in the transmission spectrum due to the resonant couplings from the core mode to the LP11 liquid modes. Pressure measurement is performed by monitoring the wavelength shift of the dips. The pressure sensitivities are -0.452 and -0.621nm/MPa for two of them, respectively.
We demonstrate an ultrasensitive temperature sensor by sealing a highly-birefringent microfiber into an alcoholinfiltrated copper capillary. With a Sagnac loop configuration, the interferometric spectrum is strongly dependent on the external refractive index (RI) with sensitivity of 36800nm/RIU around RI=1.356. As mainly derived from the ultrahigh RI sensitivity, the temperature response can reach as high as −14.72 nm/°C in the range of 30.9-36.9 °C. The measured response time is ~8s, as determined by the heat-conducting characteristic of the device and the diameter of the copper capillary. Our sensor is featured with low cost, easy fabrication and robustness.
High current sensitivity is obtained based on a microfiber that is wrapping around a chrome-nickel (CrNi) wire. Due to the strong heating effect of the CrNi wire with the flowing electric current, the mode index and the loop length of microfiber are changed, resulting in the shift of resonant wavelength. The measured current responsivity is as high as 220.65nm/A2, which is in two or three magnitude orders than the previously-obtained ones. We study the influence of component size to the structure performance, which is useful for future applications of current sensing or tuning devices.
Optically heated fiber Bragg gratings due to the absorption over the fiber core in rare-earth doped fibers are experimentally demonstrated. Bragg wavelength variations with pump power are measured for different fibers. We found that the Er/Yb-codoped fiber presents the strongest thermal effect, due to the high absorption. A maximum wavelength shift of 1.34 nm can be obtained when the 980 nm pump power is 358 mW under room temperature, suggesting the fiber is heated up to over 100 °C. Furthermore, the thermal effect is enhanced by pumping the surrounding air to close to vacuum. A wavelength shift of 1.69 nm is attained, due to the weakened ability of heat transfer at the silica-air interface. The optical heating presents a very short response time and can found applications in low temperature circumstances.
In this paper, the output beat signal of the polarimetric heterodyning fiber grating laser sensor has been stabilized based on the investigation of polarization effect on the beat frequency. The short-term frequency fluctuation has been reduced from 1.5 MHz to about 0.1 MHz and the resolution of the sensors is greatly improved.
We demonstrate a temperature-independent displacement sensor by inscribing a periodic grating in a microfiber taper with assistance of the 193-nm ultraviolet exposure technique. The obtained bandwidth is as large as 29.64nm for the grating with diameter of 3.8~6.38μm and length of 6.2mm, respectively. When the displacement is increased from 0 to 1.08mm, the reflecting bandwidth reduces to 3.38nm gradually, producing an average sensitivity of around −22.8nm/mm. The minimum displacement of measurement is ~4.39×10−4mm considering the wavelength resolution of 10pm in the optical spectrum analyzer. Moreover, the temperature-cross sensitivity is suppressed.
We demonstrate four-port long-period gratings formed by winding an optical microfiber with another thinner
microfiber. The surrounding thinner microfiber not only induces a strong refractive-index perturbation in the center
microfiber, but also collects and leads out the light resonantly coupled from the fundamental mode to high-order
modes, providing flexibility for applications as optical filters and sensors. The devices exhibit temperature
sensitivity of 7.6 pm/°C, strain sensitivity of -10.6 pm/μ(epsilon) and refractive-index sensitivity of 2012.6 nm/RIU.
We demonstrated a novel method for temperature-independent refractive index measurement by use of a Bragg grating
fabricated in a highly birefringent rectangular microfiber. The two reflective peaks corresponding to two polarization
axes exhibit almost identical temperature sensitivity of 12.01 pm/°C and different responses to ambient refractive index
of 38.9 and 46nm/RIU at RI of 1.36, respectively. By monitoring the wavelength separation between the two peaks,
temperature-independent refractive index measurement can be achieved.
In this paper, temperature compensated microfiber Bragg grating (mFBG) is realized by use of a liquid with a negative
thermo-optic coefficient. The effects of grating elongation and the index change of silica glass are compensated by the
liquid through evanescent-field interaction. As a result, the reflective wavelength shifts by only 30 pm when the
temperature varies from 15 to 60°C. The proposed method is promising due to the compactness and high flexibility of
the device.
In this paper, we demonstrate the implementation of a 1×10 array of heterodyning fiber grating laser sensors, pumped by
a single 980 nm laser diode. The sensors are wavelength-multiplexed by inscribing fiber gratings with different periods
and frequency-multiplexed in the RF domain with the assistance of CO2-laser treatment. Through the side irradiation
from the CO2 laser, the intra-cavity birefringence can be significantly changed and the output frequency of the individual
lasers can be continuously adjusted. The frequency range that can be achieved is as much as 1.5 GHz. As a result, the
multiplexing capability of this kind of sensor is greatly improved.
We present a high-sensitivity hydrostatic pressure sensor based on a dual-polarization fiber grating laser. To enhance the
sensitivity, the laser is embedded in a composite structure to effectively convert the pressure into intra-cavity
birefringence. The measurement is carried out by monitoring the beat frequency between the two orthogonal polarization
laser modes. The pressure sensitivity reaches 0.17 GHz/MPa within the range 0 to 10 MPa, about one hundred times
higher than the bare laser, and the minimal detectable pressure change is as small as 10 kPa.
We investigate the strain sensitivity of long period gratings (LPGs) fabricated in hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers
(HC-PBFs). The LPGs are fabricated by periodically deforming the air-holes along the PBFs by use of a CO2 laser.
Resonant couplings between the LP01 and LP11 core modes results in two highly polarization-dependant loss dips in the
transmission spectrum. The sensitivity of the resonant wavelength to strain was found to vary from -1.48 to -2.4 pm/με when the grating pitch was changed from 225 to 175 μm. Theoretical investigation suggests that the size and shape of the
core can have significant influence on the strain sensitivity.
Temperature characteristics of long period gratings (LPGs) in microfibers are investigated. The LPGs are formed by
periodic structural perturbation by use of a femtosecond infrared laser. The sensitivity of resonant wavelength to
temperature was measured to be around 10 pm/ºC, an order of magnitude lower than a typical LPG in conventional
single mode fiber.
A low cost fiber-optic micro-cavity interferometric sensor is presented. The micro-cavity is fabricated at the fiber
tip by splicing a silica capillary to a single mode fiber and then heating/melting the capillary to form a microsphere with
an internal air cavity. The sensor has small size and good mechanical strength, and may be used for pressure and
temperature measurement in high temperature environment.
A long period grating (LPG) is a longitudinal periodic optical structure that drives couplings from the
fundamental core mode into phase-matched co-propagating cladding modes of an optical fiber and a series
of attenuation dips are formed in the transmission spectrum [1]. LPGs have been applied as photonic
sensors to detect external perturbations including temperature, strain, bending and surrounding refractive
index, by monitoring the spectral shifts of the resonant dips [2]. LPGs are conventionally fabricated by UV-light
exposure to induce periodic refractive-index variation of 10-5 ~ 10-4 in the fiber core. Such an LPG is
regarded as weak perturbation to the fiber and the mode coupling process has been described by the wellknown
coupled mode theory (CMT) [3].
In addition to the UV-inscription technique, stronger LPGs can also be formed by introducing refractive
index/geometry modulation by use of CO2-laser irradiation, arc discharge, and periodic tapering [4-6].
Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), which contain a two-dimensional array of air holes in their claddings,
provide an extra-dimension for LPG-inscription through periodic deformation of the air-holes in the
cladding [7]. However, the conventional CMT may not provide accurate description to these strong LPGs
because of the significant modification of the mode fields and refractive indexes over the modulated
regions. In this paper, the mode coupling process in a strong LPG inscribed in a PCF is quantitatively
analyzed based on the coupled local-mode theory. The analysis offers a physical insight and a better
understanding over the energy transfers in the LPGs. Based on the theory, a general phase-matching
condition for LPG is presented, which accurately determines the resonant wavelengths λres.
This paper reports some of our recent work on in-line devices based on air-silica microstructrue optical fibers.
These devices are fabricated by use of a CO2 laser/a femtosecond infrared laser and include strong long period
gratings in index-guiding fibers and air-core photonic bandgap fibers, in-fiber polarizers, polarimeters, and modal
interferometers. Applications of such devices for strain, temperature, directional bend, twist, and gas sensing are
discussed.
We filled a refractive index matching liquid into the air holes of a Ge-doped solid-core microstructured optical fiber
(MOF) with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) to investigate its switching functions. A type of thermo-optic in-fiber switch
based on the tunable bandgap effect was demonstrated in the fluid-filled FBG at the Bragg wavelength of 830nm, and its
extinction ratio depends strongly on the reflectivity of the FBG. Another type of optical switch with an extinction ratio of
30 dB was developed in the fluid-filled MOF at a long wavelength of 1200 or 1400nm, attributing to the absorption of
the filled liquid. Such two types of switches can turn on/off the light transmission via a small temperature adjustment of
±5 or ±10ºC, respectively, and will find useful applications in all-fiber optical communication systems.
A directional bend sensor is demonstrated based on a long period grating fabricated in photonic crystal fiber by
introducing geometric deformations in the cladding air holes with a CO2 laser. A bend sensitivity of 2.26 nm/m-1 is
achieved within the range of -5~+5 m-1.
Based on the transfer matrix method, the reflection spectra of strained chirped fiber gratings are analyzed theoretically.
Chirped fiber gratings are fabricated by etching uniform FBGs with HF. The cross section of the chirped FBG has a
gradient variation along the axis. The full width at half maximum of the refection spectra of the chirped fiber grating can
reach 0.4-0.75nm. When axial stress is applied on the chirped FBG, the bandwidth can reach 5nm. The sensitivity of the
bandwidth to stress can achieved 20% higher than that of uniform fiber Bragg gratings. The relationship of the
bandwidth and the imposed force, as well as the one between the reflection power and the force, derived from the
coupled mode theory, will also be tested in the experiments, which has been shown in this paper.
Using the plane-wave expansion method and finite element method, we investigate the properties of all-solid square-lattice
photonic bandgap fibers. The comparison of different r/Λ values in the proposed fiber is convenient to optimize
the fiber design. The simulation results demonstrate that the effective mode area of all-solid square-lattice photonic
bandgap fibers is 1.25 times larger than triangular-lattice ones and the confinement loss of the fibers is no more than
0.1dB/m within the selected bandgap.
In this paper, multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) by use of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with different tilt
angles in single mode fibers (SMFs) is demonstrated. The offset spliced FBGs are employed as lasing wavelength
selectors. FBGs with 2° and 8° tilt angles can produce dual- and multi-wavelength oscillations, respectively. A nonlinear
optical loop mirror is incorporated in the laser cavity to stabilize the multiwavelength oscillation at room temperature.
The difference in coupling characteristics when offset launched between tilted FBGs in SMFs and uniform/tilted FBGs in
multimode fibers are discussed.
We propose a novel design of dual-concentric-core all-solid photonic bandgap fiber (DCC-AS-PBGF). It is designed by
introducing a ring of bigger high-index rods, a new defect, in the cladding of a conventional all-solid PBGF. Using plane
wave expansion method (PWEM) and full-vector finite-element method (FEM), we study the effect of introducing such
a ring of bigger high-index rods. The numerical results show that large dispersion is gained around the wavelength where
the modes in the new defect couple with the modes in the core. More importantly, the confinement loss of the LP01
modes around the wavelengths, where large dispersion is induced, could be decreased by increasing the rings of high-index
rods for the fact that these waveband are within the bandgap.
In this letter, we put forward a new kind of polarization-maintaining index-guiding photonic crystal fiber (PM-IG-PCF).
It is made up of a solid silica core, two big circular air holes near the core and a cladding with elliptical air holes. By
making use of a full-vector finite-element method (FEM), we study the modal birefringence and polarization mode
dispersion (PMD) as a function of the normalized wavelength of fundamental modes in the PM-IG-PCF we proposed.
Numerical results show that very high modal birefringence with magnitude of order of 10-3 has been obtained, which is
higher than the birefringence induced by adding two big air holes near the core or elliptical air holes in cladding
separately. Furthermore, the chromatic dispersion curves of the two orthogonal polarizations for the birefringence PCF
are presented as a function of the normalized wavelength.
An 800nm band fiber Bragg grating sensing interrogation system using TFBG as the core wavelength division
component is presented. A charge coupled device (CCD) linear array is put on the focal plane of the lens to
detect the light. TFBG is used to tap light out of the fiber core to fiber cladding. The sensing wavelength is
795 to 830nm, with accuracy of 20pm and scan speed 100Hz. Using FBG sensor, we achieve the temperature
sensitivity as 1.8°C and strain sensitivity as 18με.
A novel pressure sensor with FBG partly packaged by a metal tube is presented. The thermal-strain cross effect can be avoided. Moreover, its pressure sensitivity is -2.44×10-3/MPa with the range from 0 to 0.44 MPa, which is 1200 times as that of a bare fiber grating. The linearity of this sensor reaches 0.9986.
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