The main objective of this work is to use a mathematical model to predict the nanoparticle size. Lithium borate glass with Ag nanoparticles were synthetized by traditional melt-quenching technique. Morphology analysis is presented with TEM micrographs and X-ray diffraction patterns. UV–Vis-IR absorption spectra were recorded and used to estimate the nanoparticle size by Mie theory. Experimental mesurments agrees with the employeed theory.
Glass matrices doped with rare earths and Cu were synthesized using copper concentration as the control parameter. The amorphous phase of lithium borate was corroborated by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) while size distribution of Nanoparticles was obtained by transmittance electron microscopy (TEM) and crystal phase of Cu nanoparticles was obtained by high resolution transmittance electron microscopy (HRTEM). For photoluminescence, characterizations used were absorbance, photoluminescence emission (PL) and experimental decay times; from the data obtained we performed Judd–Ofelt analysis. With absorbance and PL characterizations in conjunction with CIE 1931, efficiency and shift to white light emission were evaluated. The insights gained from this study have significant implications for future research focused on enhancing the photoluminescence properties of rare earth-doped systems. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind these phenomena enables us to leverage plasmon effects in similar systems, leading to diverse applications such as color tuning emission.
Lithium Diborate (Li2O-2B2O3) glass doped with Sm3+ and silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were prepared by melt quenching technic. The morphological and optical properties are investigated. Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM) confirms silver nanoparticles presence, X- Ray Diffraction (XRD) verify the amorphous structure of the vitreous phase. UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectra showed Sm3+ absorption enhancement due to plasmon effect. The emission study confirms the luminescence enhances 2.53 times with the silver nanoparticles, due to energy transfer.
A family of samples of lithium borate glass doped with rare earths (erbium, ytterbium, dysprosium) and containing metallic nanoparticles were synthetized by melt-quenching technique. SEM micrograph is presented. X-ray diffraction patterns of all samples reveal the amorphous structure, which confirms their non-crystalline nature. Physical properties (such as density, molar volume, and boron-boron separation) of amorphous materials and their modifications when the metallic nanoparticles are added in the matrices are shown. UV–Vis-IR absorption spectra of all samples were recorded and display the characteristic bands of the used rare earths; all absorption bands present an enhancement with increasing plasmonic concentration. Emission spectra of doped samples were collected in the temperature range from 30 to 180 Celsius degrees. The results of emission under temperature indicate that the addition of plasmons in glass matrices are responsible for emission stabilization in samples when the temperature is increased.
The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles has been extensively studied in the last years. Such nanoparticles constitute a potential and promising approach for the development of new antimicrobial systems especially due to the fact that several microorganisms are developing resistance to some already existing antimicrobial agents, therefore making antibacterial and antimicrobial studies on alternative materials necessary to overcome this issue. Silver nanoparticle concentration and size are determining factors on the antimicrobial activity of these nano systems. Heparin is a polysaccharide that belongs to the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) family, molecules formed by a base disaccharide whose components are joined by a glycosidic linkage that is a repeating unit along their structure. It is highly sulfated making it a negatively charged material that is also widely used as an anticoagulant in Medicine because its biocompatibility besides it is also produced within the human body, specifically in the mast cells. Heparin alone possesses antimicrobial activity although it has not been studied very much in detail, it only has been demonstrated that it inhibits E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and S. epidermidis, so taking this into account, this study is dedicated to assess UV photochemically-synthesized (λ=254 nm) heparin-based silver nanoparticles antimicrobial activity using the agar disk diffusion method complemented by the broth microdilution method to estimate de minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), that is the lowest concentration at which an antimicrobial will inhibit visible growth of a microorganism. The strains used were the ones aforementioned to assess the antimicrobial activity degree these heparinbased nanoparticles exhibit.
A photochemical-based method in which UVA light (λ=366 nm) is used for synthesizing gold nanoparticles is presented
by irradiating gold (III) chloride hydrate (HAuCl4) in the presence of pharmaceutical-grade heparin sodium (PGHEP) as
a reducing and stabilizing agent in aqueous solution. Different HAuCl4 to PGHEP concentration ratios were exposed to UVA for up to seven hours. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-VIS and Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and pH measurements. The synthesized AuNPs present spherical as well as anisotropic shapes, such as oval, triangular, hexagonal sheets, rods, and some other faceted forms, with dimensions ranging from 20 nm to 300 nm. All obtained products show good temporal stability in solution. Surface plasmons differ when varying HAuCl4 to PGHEP concentration ratio. The obtained samples exhibit two absorption peaks, one in the region between 500-600 nm, and another one in the near-IR between 900-1200 nm; both peaks shift to longer
wavelengths and increase their absorption intensity as the HAuCl4 to PGHEP concentration ratio increase. TEM images
show the change in nanoparticles yield as well as the shape and sizes change depending on HAuCl4 to PGHEP
concentration ratio variation. Ph measurements suggest that acidic media promote anisotropic nanoparticle formation.
Raman spectroscopy was used to find out which heparin sodium main groups attached to the nanoparticles surface, and
in what amount. In summary, it is found that when modifying the reactants concentrations and keeping the UV
exposition time as the only fixed parameter, different nanoparticles with distinctive characteristics can be attained.
This work presents the structural, morphological and luminescent properties of Y3Al5O12:Ce3+(0.1%)-Pr3+(0.1%)
nanophosphors synthesized by a hydrothermal precipitation method. It was observed that the incorporation of Amonium
hydroxide (NH4OH, Ammonia) increases the YAG (%)/YAM(%) ratio, leading to an increase of 83% in the overall
emission under 460 nm excitation. The nanophosphor with the highest content of YAM, presented the best broad green-yellow-
red emission band corresponding to Ce3+ and Pr3+ emissions under 340 nm excitation. The average
nanocrystallite size was 50 and 55 nm for the samples with and without Ammonia respectively. Quenching of the overall
emission after an annealing treatment at 1100°C is observed in spite of reaching single YAG crystalline phase. That
suggests Pr4+ and/or color centers formation due to the estequiometric unbalance as a consequence of the YAM to YAG
transformation. By taking advantage of the broad emission under 340 nm and using a blue dye, we produced white light
with CIE coordinates of (0.30, 0.36).
The Photoluminescence (PL), FFTIR, Raman characterization, XRD and TEM of Er doped nanocrystals (Y3Al5O12:Er)
prepared by glycolate method modified with PVA and UREA is reported. Irregular morphology was observed but for
some concentration of PVA and UREA nanorods was observed, being PVA dominant in final morphology. XRD patterns
show the presence of hexagonal phase of YAG (YAH) when the UREA was used but pure YAG crystalline structure was
obtained with only PVA. Raman spectroscopy confirms the crystalline phase and in combination with infrared
spectroscopy the presence of oxygen deficiency was observed. Strong green emission was observed as a result of the
upconversion mechanism due to the two photon process. Luminescence results show that both PVA and UREA do not
modify the emission properties but control the morphology.
Nanocrystalline yttrium aluminum garnet doped with Cerium (YAG:Ce3+), was synthesized by means of a modified sol-gel method that consists of a mixture of salts in an aqueous media. Structure and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Single crystalline phase were obtained and the crystallite size range from 26 nm to 96 nm depending on the annealing temperature (from 800 to 1150 °C, respectively). The photoluminescence dependence on the crystallite size and ion concentration was performed. The experimental results show that the best ion concentration where the highest luminescence was obtained correspond to 0.1 mol% and that increases as the crystallite size increases. The feasibility of the modified sol-gel method for the preparation of nanocrystalline YAG is discussed.
Nanocrystalline ZrO2:Sm3+ doped at 2 mol% was prepared by sol-gel process and the structure and photoluminescence characterization as function of the annealing temperature were performed. Strong visible fluorescence emission produced by transitions 4G5/2→4H5/2,7/2,9/2 of Sm3+ was obtained by energy transfer process exciting the host at 320 nm and by direct excitation at 408 nm. The experimental results show a quenching of the emission bands by reducing the annealing temperature that is associated with a high content of tetragonal structure. Furthermore, an important change in the structure of the signal emitted was observed when ion was excited directly and the annealing temperature was reduced. These results suggest the possibility to tune the emission of ZrO2:Sm3+ nanophosphor.
The photoluminescence and crystalline structure characterization of undoped and several samarium and erbium doped ZrO2 samples are reported. Strong visible fluorescence emission produced by the transitions 4G5/2→6H5/2,7/2,9/2 of Sm3+ was obtained by the excitation of the host at 320 nm (downconversion). Green (545 nm) and red (680 nm) emissions bands were observed under 962 nm excitation (upconversion). Experimental results showed that the emission bands could be tuned by controlling the Er3+ concentration. In particular, for the highest Er3+ concentration, the red band is enhanced under 962 nm excitation. The nature of this behavior is discussed taking into account the concentration dependent non-radiative energy transfer (4I13/2 + 4I11/2) → (4F9/2 + 4I15/2) and cross-relaxation (2H11/2 + 4I15/2) → (4I9/2 + 4I13/2) process.
The photoluminescence (PL) and thermoluminescence (TL) characterization of undoped and cerium and terbium doped nanocrystalline Y3Al5O12 (YAG) prepared by the sol-gel method is reported. The experimental results of the PL show the typical emission bands centered at 490, 543 and 590 nm for YAG:Tb3+ and 530 nm for YAG:Ce3+ when excited with 325 and 345 nm light, respectively. The TL signal was obtained after exposure to UV-, X- and β- irradiation. The thermoluminescence results indicate that YAG:Tb3+ sample is very sensitive to all type of irradiation used, being highly sensitive for UV-irradiation. The high efficiency of the TL and PL suggests a good potential of this material as radiation dosimeter as well as active optical windows and new generation television screen.
Polystyrene dye doped plastic optical fiber was prepared and used to detect gamma and beta radiation from I151 and TeO4 gamma tracers typically used to get images of tumor areas within the human body. Absorption and fluorescence emission of TMQ, PBDBD365, POPOP styrene doped was performed under gamma and UV-irradiation. The fluorescence efficiency of the binary system PBDBD365-POPOP and the ternary TMQ- PBDBD365-POPOP was compared and according to the experimental results it was shown that the presence of the TMQ dye enhance the fluoresce obtained under I151 radiation. Systematic characterization of the binary system was performed as function of primary dye concentration .
Photoluminescence (PL) of pure and 0.2 mol percent Sm3+ doped zirconium oxide prepared by the Sol-Gel process and annealed at 1000 degrees C to stabilize the monoclinic phase were performed. The experimental spectra suggest the presence of energy transfer pro9cesses between the host and the dopant when the host was excited with a signal centered at 320 nm. The Sm3+ doped monoclinic zirconium oxide shows strong emission at the green and red bands, corresponding to the 4G5/2 yields 6H5/2 and 4G5/2 yields 6H7/2 samarium transition, respectively; whereas the undoped sample only shows a broad band emission centered at 495 nm. The main mechanism that allows the samarium emission under UV-excitation appears to be non-radiative energy transfer from the ZoO2 host to the Sm3+ ions.
Spectroscopic properties of Nd3+ in barium fluoroborophosphate and barium fluorosulphatephosphate glassy matrices have been analyzed by fitting the experimental data with the standard Judd-Ofelt theory. Various spectroscopic parameters viz. Radiative transition probabilities, radiative decay time, stimulated emission cross sections and quantum efficiency of the principal fluorescence transition from the 4F3/2 metastable level are obtained. Results show that addition of borate content to the fluorophosphate matrix will reduce the fluorescence spectral properties of Nd3+, whereas the influence of sulphate content is to improve the fluorescence spectral properties over a considerable extent. A comparison of the radiative properties of two hosts with that of fluorophosphate shows that the performance of the fluorosulphatephosphate matrix is superior and hence can be considered as possible candidate for solid state laser amplifiers.
New faster detection systems have allowed better measurements of complex fluorescence decays for active ions in laser crystal materials. We have measured a fluorescence decay that shows a fast initial decay followed by a non- exponential behavior that cannot be described satisfactory by most standard models for nonradiative energy transfer process. With current models it is customary to consider three characteristic temporal stages for the luminescent decay: (1) an exponential decay that is described by the first order approximation of the corresponding model at very short times, (2) a non-exponential decay described by the model at intermediate times, and (3) an exponential decay at later times determined by the migration excitation among donor ions. A new model is presented to account for the donor transient with no temporal stages. The master equations are solved in an analytical and exact form. This modeling allows us to consider any sum of interactions to drive the direct energy transfer. The discreetness of the crystal lattice is not neglected and it is taking into account the actual random distribution of activators around each donor. By using our modeling we are able to predict the measured fluorescence decay of the 4F3/2 state of the Nd+3 in Nd(1.5%),Er(20%):YSGG.
KEYWORDS: Ions, YAG lasers, Monte Carlo methods, Radiative energy transfer, Energy transfer, Neodymium, Data modeling, Erbium, Laser crystals, Crystals
The experimental data for the nonradiative energy transfer from Nd3+ to Er3+ in Nd(1%), Er(15%) : YAG and in Nd(1%), Er(30%) : YAG is reanalyzed. The nonradiative energy transfer is not driven by a single multipolar interaction, but by a quadrupole-quadrupole and a dipole-dipole interaction. These interactions compete to each other, for Nd - Er neighbor pairs the quadrupole-quadrupole overcomes the dipole-dipole interaction, and for pairs at further distances the effect is reversed. The critical transfer distance parameter is constant, that is, 8.65 angstrom and does depend on neither the kind of interaction nor concentration. Our analysis is based on Monte Carlo simulations which place dopants into the 24c sites of the YAG lattice and calculate the Nd3+ and Er3+ emission transients.
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