Original matrix formulas obtained by differentiation of the system matrix in respect to movements of components are
derived. Components kinematics for the three zoom systems realized by means of interactive graphical software is presented. An optical system may be structurally designed by successive steps and its parameters determined to fulfil
requirements, such as optical conjugation, focal lengths or magnifications. Improved software developed in this work
serves both determination of optical powers and separations and movements of components. Developed methodology covers different types of fixed and zoom systems, the latter type with electronic or optical compensation. One may consider any optical system, such as the reproduction lens, objective lens or telescope system, because matrix optics distinguishes them remarkably easy. Kinematics pertaining to a full tract of the zoom system is determined at a discrete number of positions. Movements of so-called basic variable components are determined in a full cycle of work by means of iterative methods while movements of supplementary components may be inserted by means of exponential-parabolic functions also including their linear form. Any component of the zoom system may act as a variable, supplementary or fixed component, but it is mainly dependent on the structural design. Parameters of characteristics are computed as elements of a certain matrix. Designing is that to set these elements on required values by means of system parameters or movements of components. In this way, one may create complex multi-group systems with characteristics and movements which we accept. Properties of these systems are presented by numerical and graphical forms. Advantages of these systems are their more compact construction, more smooth kinematics, and better possibilities of optimization, what is particularly valuable for zoom systems with a high zooming ratio.
In this work the paraxial optical imaging is generally described by means of three square matrices: one unitary system matrix and two operation matrices with determinants equal the Lagrange-Helmholtz invariant. Elements of system matrix are functions of design parameters while elements of the operation matrix depend on input and output coordinates of characteristic rays. Each matrix has only three independent elements. Internal system parameters are determined from equations created of system matrix elements, which values are dependent on the operation matrix. Matrix approach enables the solution of only three non-linear equations with respect to system parameters. Matrix approach has also another advantage. It enables the determination of number of degrees of freedom. We have a superiority of parameters over the number of equations when the number of components is bigger than 2. The more complex is model the higher degree of freedom it has. There are special ways of reducing the number of degree of freedom: by selection of spaces between component, introduction of additional requirements and criteria of distribution of optical powers. Significant help is in defining all the spaces between components, what means full control of the components position and their di-mensions. In such a case the only thing left is the determination of optical powers, while the number of degree of freedom is equal k-1 (k is the number of components). In this work the computer program realizing described algorithms has been developed. This program was tested with specially selected examples. Results of calculation for two interesting applica-tions are also given.
KEYWORDS: Reliability, Actinium, Monte Carlo methods, Pollution, Receivers, Statistical analysis, Telecommunications, Inspection, Data modeling, Buildings
The article presents the reliability assessment of a gravity stormwater collection system. The system components were assumed as having two-state fit/unfit for use characteristics, while the entire system was treated as a multi-state object with many states of partial unfitness. The expected value of the reduced area of the drainage basin connected to the unfit fragments of the system was assumed the basic measure of the system unfitness. The uncertainty of this reliability measure was assessed.
Recently surgery requires extensive support from imaging technologies in order to increase effectiveness
and safety of operations. One of important tasks is to enhance visualisation of quasi-phase (transparent) 3D
structures. In this paper authors present a few of practical hardware solutions using of operational stereoscopic
microscope with two image acquisition channels, stereoscopic adapter and Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) for
stereoscopic visualization of operational field "in real time". Special attention is paid to the development of opto-
mechanical unit. The authors focus on searching cheap, accurate and ergonomic solutions. A few proposals are
analyzed:
typical stereoscopic adapter with two image acquisition channels equipped with developed software for
image low contrast enhancement for stereoscopic observation in stereoscopic HMD of operational field,
visual - picture adapter (real operational view through microscope channels or processed operational field
images observation in "real time").
The initial optical design concerns the determination of the thin-component parameters based on the knowledge of ray coordinates, requirements and restrictions. The ground of the approach is heuristics that relies on an analysis of aims and means. The method may be used twice either as development of some new algorithms or the numerical computation of the optical thin-component model. In the first case, from the beginning we may select relations, and next establish the proper mathematical forms. In the second case we have been changing the introductory state influencing on results in this way. The methodological table plays an important role in this method. Different types of parameters are found in lines of this table while successive components are in columns. In this table we show in the initial state, methodology for applying relations in the right order and check for its correctness.
Computation for the riflescope illustrating possibilities, and advantages of the improved version is given in this paper.
KEYWORDS: Systems modeling, Data modeling, Reliability, Calibration, Velocity measurements, Meteorology, Control systems, Receivers, Pollution, Photonics
Retention tanks are an essential part of stormwater collection systems. This paper considers a probabilistic model which allows to design and plan modernization of retention tanks or conduct risk analysis of already existing ones. The proposal makes use of a submodel of high rainfall sum in a given time period and simple dependences accounting for the stormwater balance in the tank. The parameters used in the model require calibration. Therefore, its practical application necessitates the monitoring of runoff from the drainage area of the tank under analysis as well as of rainfall in that area.
Recently medical visualization systems require extensive support from stereo imaging technologies in order to increase effectiveness of recognitions of low contrast micro biological structures. Low image contrast prevents identifications of tissues and in many cases is a reason of forbear from operation. In this paper authors present a system consisting of stereoscopic microscope with two image acquisition channels, data processing unit and Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) for stereoscopic visualization of operational field. Special attention is paid to the development of automatic image segmentation and low contrast areas enhancement algorithms. Algorithms proposed automatically find regions characterized by low contrast, modify intensity distribution and display enhanced stereo images in real time. The conditions of images processing and manipulation in order to assure synchronization of images transfer in both visual channels are presented. The algorithms are optimized for stereo visualization of biological micro-structures of inner ear. Some of those structures have quasi-phase nature and are almost invisible by human eye. The tests performed at the images captured during operation have been positively evaluated by surgeons. The performance of the system presented ascertained that quality of inner ear processed images guaranties safety carrying of operations not undertaken so far.
In the paper we present a new method for testing objectives for CCD camera. The method is based on determination of the modulation transfer function. The results were verified by experiments performed at the specially designed automated testing. The method, accompanying program software and hardware are applied in the teaching process of photonics at Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Warsaw University of Technology.
The optical system working under the condition of a radial thermal gradient change its nominal constructional parameters, such as: radius of curvature, thickness, interlens separation and refractive index. These changes have two aspects: first one caused by pure temperature change and the second one is related to the thermal gradient distribution. In the first case well known temperature changes of constructional parameters are encountered (area of the athermalization problem) and in the second one known gradient index changes in optical material are faced. In this paper the problem of the aspherization of optical surfaces due to the radial thermal gradient is taken into account. The rapid method for evaluation of aspherical parameter CC (conic constant) applied in the optical design is presented. The obtained results are verified by the finite element method as well as the interferometric experiment.
Effects of thermal deformations of optical elements may be visualized and measured by interferometric methods. They correspond to the deformation of heated optical surface and/or deformation of the wave front of the light beam propagating through optical elements. In one of the experiments the optical effects for a single optical element heated by CO2 laser were measured. Single element was combined with the second optical element for spherical aberration correction. The measurement stand used was composed of five modules: interferometers in Fizeau or Twyman-Green configuration (He-Ne, aperture 100 mm), CO2 laser with the device for changing and measuring the power of the laser beam, the substrate module, thermovision camera AGEMA 470 for temperature measuring and the module for control, registration and analysis of interferometric images. The results of measurements provide the form of the wave front shape in combination with the thermal gradient of the surface. The experimental results are compared with computer simulated effects of the optical path difference and the temperature distribution calculated by the finite element method.
In this paper the problem of athermalization is considered. We assume that the both mechanical and optical parts of the device has its actual structure divided into separate housings. Two variants of passive and active athermalization is taking into account. We present also our results with computer-aided athermalization program.
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