Computer-assisted diagnoses (CAD) are performed by systems with embedded knowledge. These systems work as a second opinion to the physician and use patient data to infer diagnoses for health problems. Caries is the most common oral disease and directly affects both individuals and the society. Here we propose the use of dental fluorescence images as input of a caries computer-assisted diagnosis. We use texture descriptors together with statistical pattern recognition techniques to measure the descriptors performance for the caries classification task. The data set consists of 64 fluorescence images of in vitro healthy and carious teeth including different surfaces and lesions already diagnosed by an expert. The texture feature extraction was performed on fluorescence images using RGB and YCbCr color spaces, which generated 35 different descriptors for each sample. Principal components analysis was performed for the data interpretation and dimensionality reduction. Finally, unsupervised clustering was employed for the analysis of the relation between the output labeling and the diagnosis of the expert. The PCA result showed a high correlation between the extracted features; seven components were sufficient to represent 91.9% of the original feature vectors information. The unsupervised clustering output was compared with the expert classification resulting in an accuracy of 96.88%. The results show the high accuracy of the proposed approach in identifying carious and non-carious teeth. Therefore, the development of a CAD system for caries using such an approach appears to be promising.
The corneal cross-linking is a method that associates riboflavin and ultraviolet light to induce a larger mechanical
resistance at cornea. This method has been used for the treatment of Keratoconus. Since cross-linking is recent as
treatment, there is a need to verify the effectiveness of the method. Therefore, the viability of the fluorescence
spectroscopy technique to follow the cross-linking formation at cornea was studied. Corneas were divided in two
measuring procedures: M1 (cornea + riboflavin), and M2 (cornea + riboflavina + light irradiation, 365nm). For
fluorescence measurements, a spectrofluorimeter was used, where several wavelengths were selected (between 320nm
and 370nm) for cornea excitation. Several fluorescence spectra were collected, at 10 min-interval, during 60 min. Spectra
allowed one to observe two very well defined bands of fluorescence: the first one at 400nm (collagen), and the second
one at 520nm (riboflavin). After spectra analyses, a decrease of collagen fluorescence was observed for both groups. For
riboflavin, on the other hand, there was a fluorescence increase for M1, and a decrease for M2. Thus, it is possible to
conclude that it this technique is sensitive for the detection of tissue structural changes during cross-linking treatment,
encouraging subsequent studies on quantification of cross-linking promotion in tissue.
A major characteristic of LEDs systems is the lower heat emission related with the kind of light
generation and spectral emission band. Material temperature during photoactivation can promote
different photocuring performance. Organic dye penetration could be a trace to identify the efficacy of
photocured composite resin. A new method using fluorescent spectroscopy through digital image
evaluation was developed in this study. In order to understand if there is a real influence of material
temperature during the photoactivation procedure of a dental restorative material, a hybrid composite
resin (Z250, 3M-Espe, USA) and 3 light sources, halogen lamp (510 mW/cm2) and two LED systems 470±10nm (345 and 1000 mW/cm2) under different temperatures and intensities were used. One thousand and five hundred samples under different associations between light sources and temperatures (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100oC were tested and immediately kept in 6G rodamin dye solution. Dye penetration was evaluated through fluorescent spectroscopy recorded by digital image data. Pixels in gray scale showed the percentage penetration of organic dye into the composite resin mass. Time and temperature were statistically significant (p<0.05) through the ANOVA statistical test. The lowest penetration value was with 60 seconds and 25oC. Time and temperature are important factors to promote a homogeneous structure polymerized composite resin more than the light source type, halogen or LEDs system.
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