Availability of reliable flight sensor data and knowledge of the structural behaviour are essential for safe operation of the Ariane launcher. The Ariane launcher is currently monitored by hundreds of electric sensors during test and qualification. Fibre optic sensors are regarded as a potential technique to overcome limitations of recent monitoring systems for the Ariane launcher [1]. These limitations include cumbersome application of sensors and harness as well as a very limited degree of distributed sensing capability. But, in order to exploit the various advantages of fibre optic sensors (high degree of multiplexing, distributed sensing capability, lower mass impact, etc.) dedicated measurement systems have to be developed and investigated. State-of-the-art fibre optic measurement systems often use free beam setups making them bulky and sensitive to vibration impact. Therefore a new measurement system is developed as part of the ESAstudy [2].
Modern telecommunication satellites can benefit from the features of fiber optic sensing wrt to mass savings, improved performance and lower costs. Within the course of a technology study, launched by the European Space Agency, a fiber optic sensing system has been designed and is to be tested on representative mockups of satellite sectors and environment.
Modern telecommunication satellites can benefit from the features of fiber optic sensing wrt to mass savings, improved performance and lower costs. Within the course of a technology study, launched by the European Space Agency, a fiber optic sensing system has been designed and is to be tested on representative mockups of satellite sectors and environment.
Fibre Bragg gratings are used as temperature or longitudinal strain sensors in a number of applications. Only a few
studies are concerned with transversal stress applied to these sensors. We recently derived an analytical solution for the
reflection spectra of shear strain loaded fibre Bragg gratings. The experimental verification of this theory is presented in
this work. A fibre-coupled spectra analyzer based on a Fabry-Perot tuneable filter was set up in order to measure the
predicted effect. The setup is able to split and measure simultaneously the spectra of the two polarisation main axes of
birefringent fibres. The experimental observations are in agreement with predictions derived by mode coupling theory.
Force-torque sensors are key elements in modern force feedback and robotic control applications. For special applications
resistance against electromagnetic interference, high amount of load cycles or chemical resistance are important. For these
applications, fiber-Bragg-grating based force torque sensors have been seen as possible solutions. Yet the implementation
of a force-torque-sensor with six degrees of freedom and well conditioned sensitivities is still lacking demonstration. In
this work, we demonstrate the design of a miniaturized fiber-Bragg-grating based force-torque sensor with six degrees
of freedom using a numerical nonlinear programming technique. We implement the optimized structure and show its
feasibility and sensitivity.
Today's spacecraft employ hundreds of sensors. With spacecraft becoming increasingly complex, there is the need
for spaceborne measurement systems that are of low mass and volume, yet of high reliability and lifetime in the
harsh space environment. Targeted towards future applications in telecommunication satellites, the presented
FOSAT project aimes at a corresponding fiber-optic measurement system demonstrator. This goal particularly
calls for a vast number of sensors being multiplexed, enabling systems with a minuscle per-sensor mass, volume
and power share. To achieve this, several multiplexing techniques are jointly applied in the presented project to
form hybrid multiplexing. Furthermore, an interrogation technique which allows a dynamically adaptable tradeoff
between the number of sampled sensors and the sampling rate is employed to increase operational flexibility.
The design and the implementation of this unit are presented and a test result is summarized.
Early detection of high-risk coronary atherosclerosis remains an unmet clinical challenge. We have
previously demonstrated a near-infrared fluorescence catheter system for two-dimensional intravascular
detection of fluorescence molecular probes [1]. In this work we improve the system performance by
introducing a novel high resolution sensor. The main challenge of the intravascular sensor is to provide a
highly focused spot at an application relevant distance on one hand and a highly efficient collection of
emitted light on the other.
We suggest employing a double cladding optical fiber (DCF) in combination with focusing optics to
provide a sensor with both highly focused excitation light and highly efficient fluorescent light collection.
The excitation laser is coupled into the single mode core of DCF and guided through a focusing element
and a right angle prism. The resulting side-fired beam exhibits a small spot diameter (50 μm) throughout a
distance of up to 2 mm from the sensor. This is the distance of interest for intravascular coronary imaging
application, determined by an average human coronary artery diameter. At the blood vessel wall, an
activatable fluorescence molecular probe is excited in the diseased lesions. Next light of slightly shifted
wavelength emits only in the places of the inflammations, associated with dangerous plaques [2]. The
emitted light is collected by the cladding of the DCF, with a large collection angle (NA=0.4). The doublecladding
acts as multimodal fiber and guides the collected light to the photo detection elements. The
sensor automatically rotates and pulled-back, while each scanned point is mapped according to the
amount of detected fluorescent emission. The resulting map of fluorescence activity helps to associate the
atherosclerotic plaques with the inflammation process. The presented detection system is a valuable tool
in the intravascular plaque detection and can help to differentiate the atherosclerotic plaques based on
their biological activity, identify the ones that prone to rupture and therefore require more medical
attention.
Early detection of coronary atherosclerosis is an unmet clinical challenge. The detection system has to be highly
sensitive and possess high spacial resolution, in order to provide precise information of the vulnerable plaque location
and size. Recently molecular fluorescence probes have been identified as efficient inflammation biomarkers for the
inflammation process within vulnerable plaques1 and being used in the proposed application to detect inflamed lesions in
the blood vessel wall.
The general principle of the proposed solution is based on a sensor whose head is guided by an intravascular catheter to
the region of interest (coronary artery). When the sensor illuminates an activated fluorescent probe, located in inflamed
areas of vulnerable plaques, the fluorescence is excited and light is emitted with a slightly shifted spectrum. The emitted
light is being collected by the same sensor head, guided through the optical fiber and finally detected by photo-detectors.
In this way, by detecting emitted fluorescence one can obtain information about the location of vulnerable plaques. The
localization resolution is critically depending on the spot size of the illuminating light beam. Moreover, for a high signal
to noise ratio in the detection electronics, as much fluorescent light as possible has to be collected from the plaque
location.
It has been already demonstrated that using single-mode fibers in combination with graded index fibers, a Gaussian
beam, with adjustable waist position and diameter can be formed, representing the fundamental limit of achievable spot
size2. However, when using single mode fibers in this application, the collection efficiency would be very low due to the
small core diameter of this fiber and thus signal to noise ratio would be strongly reduced.
In this work, we present a solution to this challenge, combining both principles. A single mode fiber in combination with
a graded index fiber is used for illumination purposes, while the fluorescence light is collected by the same fiber, but
employing the cladding/coating total reflection to form a multimode fiber for the backwards propagating light. Thus, a
narrow spot size can be obtained allowing high resolution images, with high signal to noise ratio due to the multimodal
collection scheme. We show preliminary results of spot size and beam diameter measurements from the sensor head and
discuss the implication for the improvement of the current catheter-based detection systems.
Optical sensors have wide range of application such as in medicine, astronomy, industry, and others. Sensitivity of
symmetric three layered optical waveguide sensor is investigated. The proposed sensor consists of dielectric slab
surrounded by metamaterial (MTM) cladding and MTM substrate. MTMs are new artificial materials which have
simultaneously negative permittivity ε and negative permeability μ. Different values of MTMs parameters ε and μ are
chosen to optimize the sensitivity of the sensor. However, the value of εμ is kept content and equal to 4. The
dispersion equation which represents the effective index ne for transverse electric modes (TE) as a function of slab
thickness has been derived. A close form solution of the sensitivity (S) which is defined as the variation of the effective
index with respect to Temperature variation is introduced. The sensitivity then numerically calculated as function of the
film thickness at different values of Metamaterial parameters. It is found that sensitivity varies with the film thickness
and depends on the MTMs parameters. These results are important for designing sensors.
Fiber-Bragg-grating (FBG) sensors have become commercially available sensors for the measurement of temperature,
strain and many other quantities. The sensor information is encoded in the spectral reflection characteristic
of these devices. Their usage as strain sensors is one of the most prominent fields of application. Strains
from a structure which is to be monitored are transferred into the fiber-Bragg-grating, by surface bonding or
embedding. In general an arbitrary state of strain may thus occur within the FBG, represented by a full strain
tensor with normal strain components, as well as with shear strain components. The influence of normal strains
is well understood and has been treated theoretically by many authors. The influence of shear strains is however
not well understood. As we were recently able to theoretically demonstrate by a full tensor coupled mode
analysis, shear strains do influence the spectral response of fiber-Bragg-sensors and thus have to be considered.
In this work, an introduction to the modeling of shear strains within fiber-Bragg-gratings is given. We discuss
reasonable approximations for the simplification of the theoretical model. We compute, to our knowledge for
the first time, the direct influence of shear strains on the output of a FBG measurement system and show the
cases when shear strain effects are relevant. Furthermore, we compare the sensitivity of different interrogation
algorithms towards shear strain influences on the measurement system output.
Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have proven to be adaptable for monitoring various physical quantitites
like temperature, strain, or even vibrations and acoustic noise. Several interrogation methods, like spectroscopic
evaluation, interferometric interrogation, active scanning or active filtering systems or passive filtering systems are
capable of monitoring the wavelengths of the FBG sensors. Among the passive filtering systems, interrogators
based on arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) have shown to be promising candidates for sensing with FBGs,
especially for high-frequency measurement tasks.
Whereas the resolution- and the accuracy-dependency on light intensity of direct wavelength determining systems
like spectrometers or scanning filter systems can be minimized by data processing algorithms, the performance
of passive filtering based interrogators is more sensitive regarding uncertainties induced by electrical amplifier
noise, FBG peak shape, light source intensity, etc.. The influence of different sources of uncertainties for AWGbased
interrogators on the accuracy of the wavelength determination are investigated by an analytical model.
The model is evaluated by a numerical simulation. It is shown how strongly the accuracy and the resolution of
such an interrogator depend on the mentioned sources of uncertainties. Considering the obtained results, one
can say that FBG interrogators based on arrayed waveguide gratings have, including the shown restrictions, the
potential for rugged, compact and cost effective high accuracy wavelength interrogators.
Multi-axial force and torque sensing is of importance for robot control and many force-feedback applications.
Minimal invasive robotic surgery (MIRS) is a possible field of application of force and torque sensors with up
to six degrees of freedom. Although these sensors are not yet employed in current commercial MIRS systems,
extensive work has been carried out on the development of these sensors. Some of their issues are related to
their electric working principle: they are limited in performance by thermal noise, need electric power inside
the patient and are not usable under influence of strong magnet fields (e. g. in MRI machines). One possible
alternative is seen in fiber optic force torque sensors, since the signal demodulation may be located in some
distance to the actual sensor and they also do not have to include any magnetic material.
This article presents a fiber optic force and torque sensor with six degrees of freedom. The general setup
resembles a Stewart Platform, whereas its connecting beams are formed by the fiber itself, and the element
creating stiffness may be of arbitrary form. Only a single fiber is needed to extract all six parameters since they
are measured on six multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensors. We demonstrate how the sensor is realized and
show results of torque measurements with variable load.
When measuring strain with a FBG sensor fixed to a structure by an adhesive, one will notice, that only axial strain is
monitored. This is due to the low Young's modulus of both standard coating materials and adhesives. Metal coated fibers
with high Young's modulus have become available recently, which may be surface bonded by soldering. Motivated by this,
finite element simulations with different coating materials and adhesives were carried out. Increasing the Young's modulus
of coating and adhesive in the simulation shows a difference in transverse strain of around 20 % for the two cross sectional
fiber axes. On this basis a process to substitute standard fiber coatings with a copper coating is described. Satisfying results
were obtained using a copper electroplating process. Especially its simple experimental access is noticeable. A sensor
modified in the electroplating process is soldered to a cantilever beam and a quasi-static strain measurement is performed.
Soldering the modified fiber sensors changes the spectral response of the FBG. Towards shorter wavelength which is a
result of the strains induced by cooling.
Wind turbine blades are made of composite materials and reach a length of more than 42 meters. Developments
for modern offshore turbines are working on about 60 meters long blades. Hence, with the increasing height
of the turbines and the remote locations of the structures, health monitoring systems are becoming more and
more important. Therefore, fiber-optic sensor systems are well-suited, as they are lightweight, immune against
electromagnetic interference (EMI), and as they can be multiplexed. Based on two separately existing concepts
for strain measurements and lightning detection on wind turbines, a fused system is presented. The strain
measurement system is based on a reflective fiber-Bragg-grating (FBG) network embedded in the composite
structure of the blade. For lightning detection, transmissive &fiber-optic magnetic field sensors based on the
Faraday effect are used to register the lightning parameters and estimate the impact point. Hence, an existing
lightning detection system will be augmented, due to the fusion, by the capability to measure strain, temperature
and vibration. Load, strain, temperature and impact detection information can be incorporated into the turbine's
monitoring or SCADA system and remote controlled by operators. Data analysis techniques allow dynamic
maintenance scheduling to become a reality, what is of special interest for the cost-effective maintenance of large
offshore or badly attainable onshore wind parks. To prove the feasibility of this sensor fusion on one optical
fiber, interferences between both sensor systems are investigated and evaluated.
Numerous fiber optic measurement systems making use of sensors such as Fabry-Perot or fiber Bragg gratings
incorporate superluminescent or other edge emitting light sources. These sources often have a high degree of
polarization. The combination with birefringence in fibers results in measurement errors. A possibility to overcome
these errors is to depolarize the light source. Low coherence lengths make passive means of depolarization
suitable. A common solution is the fiber Lyot depolarizer, which works especially well with very low coherence
lengths. For coherence lengths corresponding to for example the reflection spectrum of narrow band fiber Bragg
grating, long fiber lengths are required. A second way is offered by fiber ring depolarizers, where the coherence
length is of minor concern.
To estimate the performance of the fiber ring depolarizer in a practical measurement system, we employ both
concepts. The measurement system is a CCD based spectrometric interrogation unit, with a superluminescent
diode as light source. The source itself is well polarized. We observe the effect of birefringence in a transversally
loaded fiber Bragg grating array consisting of eight sensors, when the polarization on the path to the sensor is
rotated. The improvement in polarization dependency when using the two depolarization methods is compared.
Monitoring machines during operation is an important issue in measurement engineering. The usual approach to
monitoring specific machine components is using strain gauges. Strain gauges, however, may sometimes not be
used if conditions are harsh or installation space is limited. Fiber optic sensors seem to be an alternative here,
but dynamic health monitoring has been dificult so far. The focus of this field study is to measure vibration
characteristics of machine parts during operation using fiber optic sensors with the objective of early damage
detection. If that was possible, downtime and maintenance costs could be minimized.
Therefore a field test for dynamic fiber optic strain measurement on a roller bearing was carried out. The
test setup consisted of the bearing built into a gear test stand and equipped with an array of fiber Bragg
grating sensors. Fifteen fiber sensors were interrogated with a sample rate of 1 kHz and the vibration pattern
was extracted. The radial load distribution was measured with high spatial resolution and a high degree of
compliance with simulation data was found. The findings suggest that fiber optic health monitoring for machine
components is feasible and reasonable. Especially with the help of distributed sensing on various components
extensive health monitoring on complex technical systems is possible.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.