The development of practical multi-photon microscopy has dramatically changed optical filter design. While most microscopy still utilizes one photon excitation, more and more emphasis is being placed on multi-photon optics. This has created completely new opportunities for the filter designers, but it has also created incredible challenges.
This paper addresses the performance of force-reflecting interfaces (`haptic displays'). We suggest that an important measure of performance is the dynamic range of achievable impedances, and that an impedance is achievable if it satisfies a robustness property such as passivity. The effects of sampling, inherent interface dynamics, and sensor quantization on dynamic range are discussed. Techniques for achieving very high impedances are presented.
A system for kinesthetic and visual display of virtual environments has been developed which includes a four degree-of-freedom, force-controlled manipulation and a parallel processing architecture for performing real-time environment simulation, manipulation control, and graphics display. The system allows a user to interact with a virtual environment via a virtual hand tool. 'Forces' at the handle of the virtual tool are experienced as real forces at the handle of the manipulandum. The problem of modeling environments composed of rigid bodies with intermittent contact has been addressed. Dynamic equations for environment simulations are generated and solved in real time by an array of interconnected microprocessors. Additional microprocessors safeguard against dangerous motor accelerations and potentially damaging manipulator configurations.
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