A signal processing algorithm is presented for 3D profile measurements by means of coaxial fringe projections. It helps to reduce the noise caused by low reflectance and enhance the systematic reliability. Accuracy of the retrieved 3D profile can be achieved in the order of sub-millimeters.
A facile fabrication route using hierarchical mesoporous silica materials for anti-reflection films is presented. The graded index design makes the refraction index changes slightly between any two laminated layers, resulting in a minimized reflectance coefficient.
KEYWORDS: Inspection, 3D projection, Fringe analysis, Image acquisition, 3D metrology, 3D acquisition, 3D image processing, Amplitude modulation, Discontinuities
A 2D fringe pattern is designed and employed to perform 3D profile measurements by means of coaxial fringe projections and image acquisitions. To enhance the reliability and systematic accuracy, a signal processing algorithm is proposed as well. Accuracy of the retrieved 3D profile can be achieved in the order of sub-millimeters.
A binary encoding algorithm is presented for phase-shifting projected fringe profilometry. It does not require additional projections to identify fringe orders. The pattern used for phase extraction can be used for phase unwrapping directly. Fringes can be discerned even though the surface color or reflectivity varies with positions.
A one-shot method to describe the 3D shape of a rotating object is evaluated. A sinusoidal fringe pattern is illuminated on the rotating object. Fringes on the rotating object observed by the digital camera are blurred by the motion. The blurred fringes are analyzable to retrieve the profile of the rotating object.
A contrast-encoded method based on the phase-shifting technique for 3D shape measurements is presented. Phase extraction is performed by the phase-shifting technique, while unwrapping is discerned by the quaternary contrastencoded patterns. There is no need to take additional projections for phase unwrapping. The fringe patterns used for phase extraction can be analyzed for unwrapping directly. This makes it more efficient to perform high speed, real time, and low cost 3-D shape measurements.
A mask optimization algorithm is presented for the scanning projected fringe profilometry. It uses a sinusoidal pattern to illuminate the inspected object. Fringes on the inspected objects are recorded by the image sensor array. The mask optimization algorithm helps to identify the amplitude of the projected fringes. With the mask optimization, to analyze surfaces with low reflectance is possible.
A scanning fringe projection technique is presented to retrieve the 3D shape of an object with large depth discontinuities. A 1D sinusoidal pattern is employed as the projected pattern. With a reliable image processing algorithm, noises and errors are efficiently detected and reduced.
A fringe projection profilometry is presented. It uses the phase-shifting technique perform the phase-extraction and use the ternary-encoded patterns to identify the fringe orders. Only five-shot measurements are required for data processing. Experiments show that absolute phases could be obtained with high reliability.
A scanning pattern projection technique for 3D shape measurements is proposed. A binary grid pattern is employed as the projected pattern. The limited depth-of-focus of the pattern projection system makes the surface on the focused area can be clearly observed. Thus, a 2D contour of the inspected surface addressed by the in-focused fringes was obtained. By assembling the surface contours with their corresponding depths, the 3D shape of the object cab retrieved.
A scanning fringe projection technique is presented to retrieve the 3D shape of an object with large depth discontinuities.
Shadowing caused by tilted fringe projection can be eliminated. With a reliable image processing algorithm, noises and
errors for surfaces on the edge area are efficiently detected and reduced.
A phase unwrapping method by spatially encoding the fringe patterns is presented for phase-shifting projected fringe
profilometry. For spatially isolated objects or surfaces with large depth discontinuities, unwrapping can be identified
without ambiguity. Even though the surface color or reflectivity varies rapidly with position, it distinguishes the fringe
order accurately.
A reliable image processing method is provided to enhance the accuracy of the scanning fringe projection technique. Noises and errors for surfaces on the edge area can be efficiently detected and reduced. To accurately describe the shape of a complicated object is available.
A scanning approach using fringe projection techniques to perform the 3D profile measurement for a non-diffusive
object is proposed. It employs a hologram as the fringe projection device. Even though the inspected object is nondiffusive,
the proposed method can retrieve the 3D shape precisely. Surfaces with depth discontinuities can be retrieved
very well.
In this paper, a scanning approach using fringe projection techniques to perform the 3D shape measurement for a
complicated object is proposed. A fringe pattern is projected onto the inspected object. A CCD camera observes the
projected fringes. The point of view of the CCD camera is the same as the projected fringes. Thus, shadowing caused by
tilted fringe projection can be eliminated. The depth-of-field of the camera lens is short enough that only fringes within
the focused area can be clearly observed. By moving the inspected object around the focused area along the depth
direction, a set of images, which addresses the contour of the object with its corresponding depth, is obtained.
Assembling the image contours with their corresponding depths, the 3D shape of the object is retrieved. Even though the
depth discontinuity on the inspected surface is pretty high, the proposed method can retrieve the 3D shape precisely.
In a 3D profilometer by the fringe projection, the shadow will be produced inevitably, thus the fringes cannot be detected
in the region of the shadow. In addition, a smooth surface or a metal surface produces the specular reflection, and then,
no projection fringe can be recorded in the region of oversaturation on CCD. This paper reveals a proposed system for
improved these defects and shows some preliminary improved 3D profiles by the proposed dual fringe projection.
To obtain the profile of sample hided in the shadow and the oversaturation, this study used the dual-projection system by
two projectors. This system adopted two different directions of fringe projection and illuminates them alternately,
therefore, the shadow and the oversaturation produced in their corresponding locations. Two raw 3D profiles obtained
from taking the dual-projection by the four-step phase-shift. A set of algorithms used to identify the pixels of the shadow
and the oversaturation, and create an error-map. According to the error-map to compensate, two 3D profiles merged into
an error-reduced 3D profile. We used the solder paste as a testing sample. After comparatively analyzing the 3D images
obtained by our measurement system and by a contact stylus profilometer, the result shows that our measurement system
can effectively reduce the error caused by shadows and oversaturation.
Fringe projection system by using a projector is a non-contact, full field and quickly measuring system. The proposed
dual-projection by dual-projectors can effectively reduce the shadow and the oversaturation errors and enhance the scope
of application of the 3D contour detection, especially in the detection of precision structure parts with specular reflection.
In this paper, we present a scanning approach to retrieve the 3D shape of the object with large depth discontinuities. A fringe pattern is projected onto the inspected object. A CCD camera is used to observe the projected fringes. The depth-of- field of the camera lens is so short that only fringes within the focused area can be clearly observed. By moving the inspected object around the focused area along the depth direction, a set of images, which addresses the contour of the object with its corresponding depth, is obtained. The 3D shape of the object is then retrieved by assembling the image contours with their corresponding depths.
A scanning approach using holographic techniques to perform the 3D shape measurement for a non-diffusive object is proposed. Even though the depth discontinuity on the inspected surface is pretty high, the proposed method can retrieve the 3D shape precisely.
An extremely sensitive fluorescent sensor based on a phenylboronic acid monolayer was developed for detecting
saccharide molecules. The fluorescent sensor was prepared by assembling a monolayer of 4-mercaptophenylboronic
acid (4-MPBA) onto a gold-coated compact disk. The change in the fluorescence of the 4-MPBA monolayer was
extremely obvious in basic methanolic buffer containing monosaccharides down to the picomolar level. The
fluorescence spectra demonstrated that the 4-MPBA monolayer was sensitive to monosaccharides and disaccharides, and
the affinity of the monolayer toward saccharides was in the order of glucose < fructose < mannose < galactose < maltose > lactose > sucrose. Additionally, the fluorescence intensity of 4-MPBA monolayer was restorable after cleaning with weak acid, indicating that the reported fluorescent sensor with the detection limit of glucose down to the picomolar level is reusable for sensing saccharides.
Self-pumped photorefractive phase conjugators only work with extra-ordinarily polarized waves (e-waves) with respect to the photorefractive crystal used in the conjugator. This is because photorefractive effect is prominent only with e-wave in crystals. Ordinarily polarized waves (o-waves) do not only give rise to this kind of photorefractive effect but often suppress the e-wave photorefractive effect when both of them are directed into the crystal. In this paper, we propose another photorefractive phase conjugator, which although works with e-waves too, is very insensitive to the suppressing effect of a beam of o-waves occupying the same propagation channel.
We have demonstrated a double phase conjugator with orthogonal incident polarizations that generates both extraordinary and ordinary polarized conjugate waves simultaneously in the same photorefractive crystal, with its polarization state preserved. The e-conjugate waves are yielded by photorefractive backscattering in the crystal, and the o-conjugate waves take place due to the coupling of the incident e-waves and o-waves through circular photogalvanic effect.
Using the self-pumped phase conjugation with a photorefractive BaTiO3 crystal, we propose a device which changes the flow direction of signals. Two beams of light involve in the device and signals are transferred between them. They share the total-internal-reflection (TIR) loop in the crystal. The transferred pattern can be a positive replica of the original pattern or a negative replica of it.
Incoherent optical pattern recognition has been demonstrated with a simple setup using photorefractive BaTiO3 crystal. The input patterns to be identified can be transmitted into the system with complete incoherent light. The setup does not required pre-fabricated filters for its operation and thus is a real-time system. The working principles of the systems are the photorefractive beam fanning effect and the degenerate four-wave mixing.
A multi-function optical computing system performing the NOR and NAND operations with two photorefractive BaTiO3 crystals is proposed. Instead of using the interference between the input signals and local incoherent erasing, we use incoherent erasing techniques in the construction of this system. The multi-function system works with different polarization states of the input optical waves. The system works with different polarization states of the input optical waves. The system is able to accept temporally incoherent and spatially incoherent signals. Optical experimental result with spatially incoherent optical images demonstrating the incoherent parallel processing capabilities and the multi-function logic operations of the system are shown.
In this paper, we propose a matching algorithm for radical-based on-line Chinese character recognition. The major effort of this paper is to demonstrate recognition procedures for subcharacters, such as radicals and residual subcharacters, and nonradical characters. Since a Chinese character could have front radical, rear radical or none of them, the matching algorithm should be able to take care of all these conditions. Furthermore, instead of picking up the front/rear radical strokes from the input character before the matching process is taken, our matching algorithm determines how many strokes the front/rear radical should be during the matching process; it thus enjoys the property of flexibility. After the radical type and the number of strokes of the radical are figured out, the residual subcharacter can be picked up and submitted for matching again. By sequentially recognizing the types of front/rear radicals and the types of residual subcharacters, we can determine what the input characters are.
A hybrid pattern recognition system which consists of photorefractive crystal, SLM, and computers is designed and analyzed. In this system, photorefractive crystals are used as dynamic real-time recording materials and optical coherent spatial filters. The problems of excessive sensitivity to scale and rotation in general optical matched filters are solved by computer-aided digital pre-processing. The limitation of angular deviation apart from the Bragg condition due to volume hologram leads to no shift invariant. Thus, the optical properties such as hologram recording speed and diffraction efficiency of FWM in photorefractive crystals are different and strongly depended on the operation condition. We design the most suitable architectures to fit the purpose of the system. Finally, the performance of the whole system is discussed.
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