KEYWORDS: Light emitting diodes, Light sources and illumination, Cameras, Point spread functions, LED lighting, Imaging systems, Detection and tracking algorithms, Computing systems
Combining adaptive illumination systems with computer vision allows for optimized lighting in various scenarios. In automotive applications, matrix configurations of individually dimmable LED pixels enable automated and adaptive lighting, detecting oncoming traffic and activating specific areas accordingly. Such systems also have potential for general lighting, where cameras detect objects and define a target illuminance distribution. However, illumination applications require smooth light output while realizing the target distribution. This paper proposes a least squares-based method for LED array pixel addressing, resulting in smooth and effective illumination.
Although remote phosphor technology outperforms conformal phosphor technology for midpower applications, one of the limiting factors due to its impact on the total cost is the amount of phosphor required. Furthermore, an important loss mechanism in remote phosphor light-emitting diode (LED) technology is the reabsorption of recycled, downconverted light by the phosphor. An obvious solution to this issue is to enable a light path for the converted light, such that further interactions with the phosphor element are avoided. We propose a spot phosphor concept to achieve this goal. To explore this configuration, a simulation model of a phosphor element is devised and validated. The optical input parameters are based on experimental data and the application of the inverse adding-doubling method. The resulting configuration, along with a long-pass filter, is shown to be a potential solution for reduction of phosphor usage. The moderate decrease in the light extraction ratio (LER) when applying the spot concept is partly attributed to the losses in the secondary optics needed to narrow the LED beam; the combination of the spot concept configuration with a directional light source such as a laser diode is shown to be a powerful combination for the enhancement of the LER.
Although the remote phosphor technology outperforms the conformal phosphor technology for mid-power applications, one of the limiting factors is the amount of phosphor required and its impact on the total cost. Besides, an important loss mechanisms in remote phosphor LED technology is the re-absorption of converted light. An obvious solution to this issue is enabling a light path for the converted light, such that further interactions with the phosphor element are avoided. In order to explore such a configuration, a simulation model of a phosphor element is devised and validated based on experimental data and the application of the inverse adding-doubling method. The resulting configuration, denoted as spot concept, along with a long-pass filter is shown to be a potential solution to reduce the phosphor usage. Since the moderate change in the light extraction ratio when applying the spot concept is partly attributed to the losses in the secondary optics needed to narrow the LED beam, the application of the spot concept configuration with a directional light source such as a laser diode could be a powerful combination for the enhancement of the light extraction ratio.
Monte Carlo ray tracing is an important simulation tool in applications where fluorescence is present, e.g. in bio-medical applications and in the design of luminaires and luminescent solar concentrators. A frequently used ray tracing procedure for fluorescence is the ‘dual stage’ approach. In this approach, first, all sources are traced through the system and the rays absorbed in the fluorescent components are stored. Next, the emission from the fluorescent components is traced. This approach does not allow for subsequent re-absorption and re-emission effects in fluorescent materials with a spectral overlap between excitation and emission spectra. In this work, a ‘multi stage’ ray tracing procedure for the simulation of luminescence is presented. Herein, wavelengths are traced from short to long separately and no distinction is made regarding the origin of emission (either a fluorescent component or a source). The presented approach can be easily implemented in existing commercial ray tracing software thus reducing the programming efforts for the new ray tracing algorithm and taking advantage of the strength of the selected ray tracing package concerning the modelling of complex geometrical systems. Both techniques are compared to investigate the influence of the selected ray tracing approach on the efficiency and colour prediction of a remote phosphor LED module.
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