This paper presents a novel concept of Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) for 3D medical imaging. Such 3D imaging
can be obtained from X-ray Computerized Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission
Tomography (PET), Ultrasonography (USG), functional MRI, and others. In the case of CT, such 3D imaging can be
derived from 3D-mapping of X-ray linear attenuation coefficients, related to 3D Fourier transform of Radon transform,
starting from frame segmentation (or contour definition) into an object and background. Then, 3D template matching is
provided, based on inertial tensor invariants, adopted from rigid body mechanics, by comparing the mammographic data
base with a real object of interest, such as a malignant breast tumor. The method is more general than CAD breast
mammography.
In this paper a new approach to 3D Compton imaging is presented, based on a kind of finite element (FE) analysis. A
window for X-ray incoherent scattering (or Compton scattering) attenuation coefficients is identified for breast cancer
diagnosis, for hard X-ray photon energy of 100-300 keV. The point-by-point power/energy budget is computed, based on a
2D array of X-ray pencil beams, scanned vertically. The acceptable medical doses are also computed. The proposed finite
element tomography (FET) can be an alternative to X-ray mammography, tomography, and tomosynthesis. In experiments,
100 keV (on average) X-ray photons are applied, and a new type of pencil beam collimation, based on a Lobster-Eye Lens
(LEL), is proposed.
This paper discusses a new approach to X-ray non-intrusive (NDE) inspection based on hard X-ray imaging optics. A
new X-ray lens, called lobster-eye-lens (LEL) is the transmission lens, based on reflection optics, with grazing-angle
deflection of 0.2° and photon energy of 40-100 keV. The lens reflection-optics is based on large, high-quality X-ray
mirrors with r.m.s. lower than 1 nm. The through-the-wall inspection capability of such a system, based on Compton
back-scattering, can be applied for longer ranges, (up to 100 m in the air), and thick walls (over 2 cm for wood, and over
2 mm for metal). CONOPS examples are given for homeland security applications.
The angular distribution of the inelastic scattering of photons at low energies (≤80 KeV) has been measured in organic material, soil, rocks, wood, steel sheet, and water. The measurements have been performed under air inside an X-ray shield cabinet using X-rays tube as a photon source and a thermoelectrically cooled CdTe detector. Measurements have been taken for both single and combined materials. The contributions of inelastic scattering of photons for the lower Z material in a given configuration have been extracted. The measured signal is primarily Compton scattering. The measured inelastic scattering contributions were compared with the calculated inelastic scattering cross sections according to the Klein-Nishina theory, updated to include a practical energy distribution of an X-ray tube beam. Relatively good agreement was found for all targets under investigation. The slight discrepancy is attributed to photoelectric effect and sample configuration. Present results may act as a guide for optimization of X-ray imaging sensors and in particular of those based on lobster eye X-ray optics suitable for cargo inspection, improvised explosives detection, non-destructive evaluation, and medical imaging.
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