The plasma of the filamentation region of femtosecond radiation is an intra-atmospheric source of radiation that can be used in the problem of remote sensing. The glow of the plasma of the filamentation region in the atmosphere is due to the emission at the transitions of the first negative (B2Σu+→X2Σg+) and the second positive system (C3Пu→B3Пg) of molecular nitrogen. By varying the energy and duration of the femtosecond radiation, it is possible to change the luminescence intensity of molecular nitrogen at the indicated transitions The report presents the results of a study of a relation of an initial energy and pulse duration with an intensity of a molecular nitrogen. It is shown that for certain values of the pulse duration, the change in the intensity of the luminescence of molecular nitrogen at wavelengths of 315.9, 337.1, and 357.7 nm of the second positive nitrogen system weakly depends on the initial energy.
The work presents the results on the influence of the temperature of a turbulent layer on the transverse energy structure of femtosecond (multi-ring and Gaussian) laser beams. Gaussian and multi-ring beam profiles exhibit a monotonous growth in the number of intense light maxima with increasing the strength turbulence of air jet and increasing laser pulse energy. The formed intense light channels (~ 1011 W/cm2) make it possible to excite two-photon fluorescence of dyes with a signal level that makes it possible to take at a distance of 100 m.
For remote sensing of the aerosol atmosphere using method of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by femtosecond radiation, it is important to know the relationship between the intensity of the plasma emission in the filamentation region on the lines of an analytical pair and the initial radiation parameters. They allow finding optimal conditions for remote sensing. The report presents the results of a study of the influence of the initial energy and duration of femtosecond laser radiation on the intensity of atmospheric nitrogen emission. It is shown that for certain values of the pulse duration, the luminescence intensity of molecular nitrogen at wavelengths of 315.9, 337.1, and 357.7 nm depends weakly on variation of the initial energy.
We present the results of the turbulent layer influence on the characteristics of the filamentation domain at the path beginning for the beams with a diameter of 2.5 and 5 cm. Addition of turbulence results in the fact that the beginning of the multiple filamentation domain (MFD) to the source coming closer. Decreasing of the distance to the beginning and end of the MFR in the presence of turbulence is inappreciable (<10%). The turbulent layer formed at the beginning of the path leads to a multiple increase in the number of the intense channels (~ 1011-1012 W/cm2) with a length >100 m.
The experimental results of the features of formation and path propagation of high-intensity light channels under conditions of distortions of the initial profile of a high-power femtosecond laser beam are presented. The distortions are introduced by amplitude modulation of the laser beam with the help of the masks. The use of amplitude masks allows generation of a given number of high-intensity light channels and their controllable filamentation mainly at short (tens of meters) distances of radiation propagation in air.
The results of the experiments on the excitation and detection of two-photon fluorescence of the dyes by the intense light channels generated by controlling the wavefront of the femtosecond laser pulses are presented. Emission of the dyes and the detection of the backward signal were carried out according to the lidar scheme at a distance of 100 m from the source.
The report presents the results of estimating the angular distribution of emission of impurity from the breakdown region of aerosol by femtosecond pulses in the range from 0о to 180о and the intensity of the emission line depending on the concentration of the impurity for the problem of remote sensing by the femtosecond laser-induced breakdown method.
Experimental results of measurements of the threshold power density of stimulated radiation in solutions of the coumarin-30 dye with ZnO nanoparticles irradiated with femtosecond laser pulses are presented. It is shown that the thresholds of stimulated emission in solutions of the coumarin-30 dye with ZnO nanoparticles are approximately three orders of magnitude higher than the thresholds of stimulated emission in solutions of the coumarin-30 dye with ZnO nanoparticles irradiated with nanosecond laser pulses.
In laboratory conditions, the fluorescence spectra of rhodamine 6G were obtained in the domain of post-filamentation channels upon interaction with femtosecond laser radiation. A fluorescence signal was received from a distance of 7.5 m from the aerosol and the droplet according to the lidar sensing scheme.
Information about angular distribution of emission from the filamentation region is required to select an effective scheme for remote sensing of the aerosol atmosphere using the femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy method. The article presents estimates of emission from the breakdown region of water aerosol by femtosecond pulses. This estimates based on the results of the emission measurements in the range of angles from 0° to 180°. For directions at the angles 60°, 90°, and 120° an estimate of the dependence of the emission intensity with a length of the filamentation region is presented.
The propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in the atmosphere is accompanied by nonlinear effects. The most low-threshold of them is the effect of cubic nonlinearity along with nonlinear absorption manifesting in aerosol. This effect should lead to the transformation of the scattering phase function formed in a liquid droplet aerosol. To study this effect, numerical and experimental studies on droplets of various sizes and geometries were carried out. As expected, the cubic nonlinearity inclusion should lead to an increase in the effect of backward scattering.
The results of measure of the duration of a femtosecond laser pulse propagating in a mixture of dry air and water vapor (atmosphere) on a hundred-meter atmospheric track have been presented. Measurements have been made for a spectrally limited pulse and a pulse with initial frequency-phase modulation. A model for calculating the humidity and refractive index of a multicomponent medium for estimating the dispersion spread of an ultrashort pulse in the atmosphere has been discussed.
The results of experimental studies aimed at improving the efficiency of the “telescope-deformable mirror” scheme for the purposes of long-range propagation of intense light channels in the air are presented.
One of the actual problems of the multi-frequency laser remote sensing is the using of the self-action phenomena of pulsed femtosecond laser radiation. When femtosecond laser radiation propagates in the atmosphere, both the transformation of the spectral and spatial characteristics of the radiation dispersion and the pulse duration occurs. The effect of atmospheric air dispersion on the duration of a femtosecond pulse propagating in the atmosphere is discussed via the results of experiments. The fact of compensating of the dispersion spreading of the pulse duration in air by its temporary “compression” under the influence of a change in the phase modulation index in an optically active impurity is not excluded.
The problem of the propagation of a femtosecond laser radiation in the atmosphere remains relevant in the application to the problems of remote sensing. When radiation propagates in a multi-component dispersive medium, for example, atmosphere, two important facts are occurred. The first is the transformation of the spectral and spatial characteristics of the radiation. The second is the dispersion modification of the duration. The results of experiments to take into account the dispersion effect of a multi-component medium (atmospheric air) on the duration of a femtosecond wave packet propagating in the atmosphere are discussed.
The results of experimental studies of filamentation of focused laser pulses of nanosecond megawatt duration in a medium with strong cubic nonlinearity are presented. It was shown that multiple small-scale beam self-focusing is observed, the nonlinear focus is much closer to the source than the geometric one, and this distance increases with an increase in the pulse energy (power). Long tracks are observed that are uncharacteristic of linear spatial focusing.
The results of lidar measurements of emission spectra of targets and aerosols excited by filamented femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser pulses are presented.
The results of experimental research of the filamentation of femtosecond laser pulses using a bimorph deformable mirror, which allows controlling the position of the filamentation domain determining localization of filaments and high-intensity channels in the beam cross section. The introduction of distortions into the amplitude profile of the beam with using masks showed the inability to control the number and position of filaments in the beam cross section.
A series of laboratory and full-scale experiments on the propagation of high-power terawatt radiation on the basis of a femtosecond stand of the IAO SB RAS have been carried out. The problem of the spreading of femtosecond pulses in air is considered. The results of the investigation of dispersion spreading of pulses of femtosecond duration are presented.
A brief description of the unique femtosecond lidar is presented. A number of experiments were conducted on inclined
remote sensing of the atmosphere above Akademgorodok, Tomsk (56 ° N, 85 ° E) via this lidar. Questions on the
features of the propagation of femtosecond laser radiation, for example filamentation, generation of conic emission of a
supercontinuum (SC) are considered. The most important characteristics of the femtosecond lidar system are determined
with reference to the problem of remote sensing of the atmosphere, in particular, low cloud cover. The study has a
pronounced practical additivity to the use of a femtosecond lidar system in remote sensing problems.
The results of laboratory experiments and numerical calculation of propagation of high-power terawatt femtosecond laser radiation via different media (air, glass and water) are represented. The experiments have been made on femtosecond Ti:Sa-laser system of IAO SB RAS. The spatial features of high-power terawatt femtosecond laser radiation are presented also. The ability of control of the position of the beginning of the field filamentation and angle of divergence of supercontinuum on high-power terawatt femtosecond laser radiation via plane parallel plate (glass) are found. The values of the location of the high value of the backscattering depending on filamentation conditions and the characteristics of supercontinuum and lidar system are obtained. The ability of the remote sensing of cirrus clouds with the help of high-power terawatt femtosecond laser radiation is discussed. The results of interactions of high-power terawatt femtosecond laser radiation and ice hexagonal plate crystal depending upon location of this crystal and filamentation conditions are represented.
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