We have improved on the characteristics of a diode-pumped, 1064-nm amplifier. The system can deliver 400 mJ @ 100 Hz with very limited wavefront distortion due to thermal effects. It follows that the amplifier can be powered on and reach full energy in a few seconds. The amplifier stable long thermal lens ensures that optical elements used downpath (potentially non-linear crystals for frequency conversion, or a telescope) are at no risk of laser damage, even during the short warm-up time. Additionally, the amplifying system can be operated at any repetition rate up to 100 Hz, and at any energy level, without having to adjust the hardware. The ease of operation, and number of shots saved on the diode lifetime can be a critical advantage in space. The amplifier pumping design enables duplication of the pump source with only 3% increase of the system mass: the doubling of the stacks does not require any additional optical component, nor any moving part. With solar radiation, the diode stacks are among the weakest link of the system, so this unique property is valuable for space applications. The laser amplifier was set-up and characterized as a laboratory breadboard, and a CAD version of a robust system was drawn and analyzed. We will review the properties of this compact amplifying system. Due to its uniform output beam distribution, it is very well suited for non-linear frequency conversion, and for long-range space applications. Additional presentation content can be accessed on the supplemental content page.
The probe of HERA mission has a semi-autonomous navigation system that will perform fly-byes to the moon of the binary asteroid, called Didymos-B. The navigation is based on information given by the cameras and by the Planetary Altimeter (PALT). PALT is a Time-of-Flight (TOF) LIDAR that emits laser pulses of 2 ns, with 100 µJ of energy, at 1535 nm. PALT has a 70 mm Cassegrain telescope with an APD. PALT can take distance measurements from 500 m to 14 km with an accuracy of 0.5m. Aside from assisting navigation, the instrument will take scientific measurements that will contribute to the characterization of the asteroid topography. In this paper we present the Critical Design Review (CDR), which includes the optical, mechanical, and thermal designs, before manufacture. Regarding the optical system, the two mirrors are made of Zerodur, the secondary mirror is supported by a tripod structure made of carbon fibres, and the lenses are radiation resistant. The mechanical design has an innovative system that comprises a stainless-steel spring blades solution, which has the aim of protecting the optics bench plate and allows the survivability of the optics during launch. The thermal design solution was achieved by isolating the sub-systems with thermal washers and by implementing an optimized isostatic bipod mount structure in the primary mirror, making possible to reduce the stress on the optical component, while keeping the performance of the instrument. Additional presentation content can be accessed on the supplemental content page.
The mission Ultraviolet Researcher to Investigate the Emergence of Life (URIEL) is designed to carry out low dispersion (600-1,000) UV spectropolarimetry in the 140-400 nm spectral range to investigate the formation of planetary systems, its interaction with stellar winds and search for signatures of prebiotic molecules by remote sensing of small bodies in the Solar System (comets and meteorites) in near Earth orbit. URIEL is conceived as a 50cm primary telescope with a RitcheyChrétien mounting. The telescope is equipped with a single instrument, the ultraviolet spectropolarimeter, whose low dispersion will enable resolving the main spectral features whilst guaranteeing enough flux per resolution element for the Stokes parameters to be measured to an accuracy of 500 ppm in the full range. According to recent calculations based on the chemical analysis of meteorites, this accuracy suffices for the remote detection of alanine by its optical activity at 180 nm in nearby minor bodies. In this sense, URIEL is a pathfinder mission to the technology that will enable remote sensing of amino acids and addressing the source of the chirality imbalance in Earth's bio-molecules.
X-ray optics, such as e.g. for ESA’s ATHENA (Advanced Telescope for High-ENergy Astrophysics) mission, often require that their alignment takes places under vacuum conditions, in particular when high precision and the compensation for vacuum-related distortion states is mandatory. In order to fixate the alignment state, standard bonding technologies for x-ray optics, such as clamping or adhesive bonding, only can be carried out at ambient conditions, causing a potential change of the alignment state when transiting from ambient condition to vacuum. In a study issued by ESA, the use of a specific laser-based soldering technology to be carried out under vacuum conditions was successfully conducted. The socalled “Solderjet Bumping” (SJB) technology combines solder alloy preform singulation and handling as well as laserbased reflow and placement at the desired, metallized bonding areas for x-ray optics. Achieving de-alignment less than a millirad during soldering under <1e-4 mbar vacuum condition is reported for complex and 3D x-ray optics geometries. Also, ca. twice the bonding strength was reached, compared to adhesive bonds carried out at ambient conditions.
Emerging spaceborne hyperspectral technologies answer a growing need to comprehend the Earth and its atmosphere. These technologies constitute a reliable source of information about Earth’s environment. The near real-time distribution of Earth Observation (EO) information can be a requirement for certain applications, such as early warning and disaster management systems. The last few decades have shown an increasing interest in hyperspectral observation data. This pushed the development of hyperspectral instrument technologies, also towards the miniaturization of instrument elements, taking advantage of electronics, new detector developments, material processes, hyperspectral filters, optical free-form design manufacturing and verification, on-board calibration techniques, on-board data processing and machine learning for image resolution enhancement. In parallel, the advent of smaller-size instruments, with lower development and operation costs is desirable to feed new data usage ideas and markets. ESA actively participates in the development of hyperspectral instruments, each to satisfy specific performance needs. Its participation spans from the shaping of a vision for an instrument, to the initiation of projects and missions, through the support of development activities, on to the instrument launch and subsequent tasks. The first hyperspectral instrument launched by ESA in 2001 was CHRIS, whose purpose was to improve knowledge on spectral reflectance from the Earth. Since then, the understanding of hyperspectral data and its significance has strongly risen and a sound heritage on hyperspectral instruments and applications exists by now. As for recent developments, a hyperspectral imaging mission study in the context of the Copernicus Expansion has been initiated and targets the realization of an instrument for routine observations in the visible-to-shortwave infrared range. In particular, it addresses the management of natural resources and enhances services for food security, sustainable agriculture and raw materials. The degree of innovation, compactness, overall technical challenge and user needs can constitute the starting constraint for each development objective. The evolving technologies enable compactness and a better instrument performance to expand the scope of its use. In order to give a comprehensible overview of the current hyperspectral imagers and technologies, opportunities and challenges, this communication sheds light on different instrument characteristics and design concepts in a categorized view and provides the current status of key technologies.
Several chemicals which could be relevant for life processes are found in the upper atmosphere of Venus (H2S, OCS, SO2, NH4Cl, NH2COOHN4 and H2O). Moreover, the atmosphere instability and the reason for the high ultraviolet (UV) heterogeneous absorption between 320 and 400 nm in the top cloud layer and mesosphere (~ 40-70 Km) are still disputed phenomena. These scientific points could be further studied by small UV Raman and fluorescence instruments mounted in a small lander platform (< 20 kg) being send to Venus. In this current article we will propose an optical payload mission, which could be useful to give more information on these scientific questions. This study proposes a feasibility analysis for launching a small probe device that includes an emitting laser, a receiving telescope and a detector. The goal of this theoretical mission (UV-BIOmarker Mapper for Venus AtmosPhere or UV-BIOMAP) will be to analyse the laser-emitted and further absorption of UV light in the Venus atmosphere, and to verify the possible presence of biomarkers. The current state of the art of the required technologies to be implemented would allow a more cost-efficient and easy to develop mission, compared with previously completed Venus probes. This article will be focused on the required science and optical payload devices needed for solving these issues. Requirements for mass and power budgets for the optical payload will be analysed to ensure that the mission can be carried out at relatively low cost while still accomplishing the scientific goals of revealing the composition of Venus’s atmosphere in more detail and the reason for the heterogeneous UV absorption in the planet’s top cloud layer and mesosphere.
The low-stress Solderjet Bumping technique was employed to assemble the optical components of an increased-robustness laser spark-plug ignition device using the low melting alloys 96.5Sn3Ag0.5Cu and 80Au20Sn. A finite-element-method analysis, optical simulations, and a soldering parametrization test were performed to prove that different optical materials (sapphire, ECO-550, D-ZLaF52LA, TAC4, and N-SF11 glasses) could be fastened to the stainless steel body. The assembled spark-plug device featured a passively Q-switched Nd : YAG/Cr4 + : YAG composite ceramic medium and delivered laser pulses with energy variable between 2.40 and 4.70 mJ, with 0.8 ns duration, suitable for inducing air breakdown phenomenon and engine combustion.
A high-precision opto-mechanical breadboard for a lens mount has been assembled by means of a laserbased
soldering process called Solderjet Bumping; which thanks to its localized and minimized input
of thermal energy, is well suited for the joining of optical components made of fragile and brittle
materials such as glasses. An optical element made of a silica lens and a titanium barrel has been studied
to replicate the lens mounts of the afocal beam expander used in the LIDAR instrument (ATLID) of the
ESA EarthCare Mission, whose aim is to monitor molecular and particle-based back-scattering in order
to analyze atmosphere composition. Finally, a beam expander optical element breadboard with a silica
lens and a titanium barrel was assembled using the Solderjet Bumping technology with
Sn96.5Ag3Cu0.5 SAC305 alloy resulting in a low residual stress (<1 MPa) on the joining areas, a low
light-depolarization (<0.2 %) and low distortion (wave-front error measurement < 5 nm rms) on the
assemblies. The devices also successfully passed humidity, thermal-vacuum, vibration, and shock tests
with conditions similar to the ones expected for the ESA EarthCare mission and without altering their
optical performances.
A miniaturized diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) designed as part of the Raman laser spectrometer (RLS) instrument for the European Space Agency (ESA) Exomars mission 2020 is assembled and tested for the mission purpose and requirements. Two different processes were tried for the laser assembling: one based on adhesives, following traditional laser manufacturing processes; another based on a low-stress and organic-free soldering technique called solderjet bumping technology. The manufactured devices were tested for the processes validation by passing mechanical, thermal cycles, radiation, and optical functional tests. The comparison analysis showed a device improvement in terms of reliability of the optical performances from the soldered to the assembled by adhesive-based means.
Soldering using metallic solder alloys is an alternative to adhesive bonding. Laser-based soldering processes are especially well suited for the joining of optical components made of fragile and brittle materials such as glass, ceramics, and optical crystals. This is due to a localized and minimized input of thermal energy. Solderjet bumping technology has been used to assemble a lens mount breadboard using specifications and requirements found for the optical beam expander for the European Space Agency EarthCare Mission. The silica lens and a titanium barrel have been designed and assembled with this technology in order to withstand the stringent mission demands of handling high mechanical and thermal loads without losing the optical performance. Finally, a high-precision optomechanical lens mount has been assembled with minimal localized stress (<1 MPa) showing outstanding performance in terms of wave-front error and beam depolarization ratio before and after environmental tests.
Solder joining using metallic solder alloys is an alternative to adhesive bonding. Laser-based soldering processes are especially well suited for the joining of optical components made of fragile and brittle materials such as glasses, ceramics and optical crystals. This is due to a localized and minimized input of thermal energy. Solderjet bumping technology has been used to assemble a lens mount breadboard taking as input specifications the requirements found for the optical beam expander for the European Space Agency (ESA) EarthCare Mission. The silica lens and a titanium barrel have been designed and assembled with this technology in order to withstand the stringent mission demands; handling high mechanical and thermal loads without losing its optical performances. Finally a high-precision opto-mechanical lens mount has been assembled with a minimal localized stress (<1 MPa) showing outstanding performances in terms of wave-front error measurements and beam depolarization ratio before and after environmental tests.
Solder-joining using metallic solder alloys is an alternative to adhesive bonding. Laser-based soldering processes are especially well suited for the joining of optical components made of fragile and brittle materials such as glasses, ceramics and optical crystals due to a localized and minimized input of thermal energy. The Solderjet Bumping technique is used to assemble a miniaturized laser resonator in order to obtain higher robustness, wider thermal conductivity performance, higher vacuum and radiation compatibility, and better heat and long term stability compared with identical glued devices. The resulting assembled compact and robust green diode-pumped solid-state laser is part of the future Raman Laser Spectrometer designed for the Exomars European Space Agency (ESA) space mission 2018.
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