This paper shares a conjecture that in a specific low temperature region, the fiber delay coefficient with temperature exists a transition process. In the specific low temperature region, the soft and hard state of the optical fiber coating changes with temperature, which affects the strain effect of the coating on fiber core. At normal temperature, the soft inner coating layer has no strain on fiber core, while at ultra-low temperature, the inner plastic coating becomes frozen and hard. The frozen coating exerts strain on fiber core, resulting in additional length change and the increase of fiber delay coefficient. According to the theoretical analysis and experimental data, this paper briefly introduces the sources and main influencing factors of optical fiber delay, emphatically analyzes the influence of optical fiber coating on fiber delay coefficient in a specific low temperature region, and gives the possible explanation of the action of coating on fiber delay coefficient.
This paper reviewed and summarized microwave photonics beamforming architecture which could directly apply in 5G communications in recent years. However, those research still have some limits. We investigated the connection of radio frequency (RF) links and antenna elements (AEs) at present 5G multi-antenna systems and propose a microwave photonics beamforming architecture with dynamic subarray by combing reconfigurable optical routing networks with independent optical true time delay units. Optical routing networks enable distributing signals to AEs which are any number and at any position, to accomplish the dynamic combinations of those AEs. Independent optical true-time delay units enable the array could transmit or receive the RF beams towards or from different directions simultaneously. We simulated the beam pattern of the proposed system in various communication situations to validate our concept can effectively expand the application field of microwave photonics beamforming systems and could bring the advantages of microwave photonics technology, such as large bandwidth, low loss, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and non-beam squint effect.
A real-time hybrid optoelectronic analog-to-digital converter (HOE-ADC) based on optical sampling and electronic quantization is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In the proposed HOE-ADC, a broadband semiconductor laser is intensity modulated by electronic pulses to generate an optical sampling pulse train. The optical sampling pulse is split into multiple channels with different optical fiber delay, and the analog signal is modulated on the multichannel optical sampling pulses using a Mach–Zehnder modulator array. By broadening the optical pulses, which can be done by employing optical-fiber chromatic dispersion, the bandwidth of the sampled pulse is reduced to match the sample rate of a low-speed electronic ADC, where the broadened optical sampling pulses are quantified. The nonlinearity of optical devices is calibrated through digital signal processing. A four-channel HOE-ADC is experimentally demonstrated. A sampling rate of 12 GS / s and a system bandwidth of 10 GHz are achieved. The effective number of bit (ENOB) for a 1.5-GHz target analog signal is measured to be 5.9 bit. Further, the primary influence factors, such as delay errors, for the performance of ENOB are also discussed.
We report on a fiber-optic delay-based quasidistributed temperature sensor with high precision. The device works by detecting the delay induced by the temperature instead of the spectrum. To analyze the working principle of this sensor, the thermal dependence of the fiber-optic delay was theoretically investigated and the delay-temperature coefficient was measured to be 42.2 ps/km°C. In this sensor, quasidistributed measurement of temperature could be easily realized by dense wavelength-division multiplexing and wavelength addressing. We built and tested a prototype quasidistributed temperature sensor with eight testing points equally distributed along a 32.61-km-long fiber. The experimental results demonstrate an average error of <0.1°C. These results prove that this quasidistributed temperature sensor is feasible and that it is a viable option for simple and economic temperature measurements.
Liquid crystal optical phased array (LC-OPA) has been considered with great potential on the non-mechanical laser deflector because it is fabricated using photolithographic patterning technology which has been well advanced by the electronics and display industry. As a vital application of LC-OPA, free space laser communication has demonstrated its merits on communication bandwidth. Before data communication, ATP (acquisition, tracking and pointing) process costs relatively long time to result in a bottle-neck of free space laser communication. Meanwhile, dynamic real time accurate tracking is sensitive to keep a stable communication link. The electro-optic medium liquid crystal with low driving voltage can be used as the laser beam deflector. This paper presents a fast-track method using liquid crystal optical phased array as the beam deflector, CCD as a beacon light detector. PID (Proportion Integration Differentiation) loop algorithm is introduced as the controlling algorithm to generate the corresponding steering angle. To achieve the goal of fast and accurate tracking, theoretical analysis and experimental verification are demonstrated that PID closed-loop system can suppress the attitude random vibration. Meanwhile, theoretical analysis shows that tracking accuracy can be less than 6.5μrad, with a relative agreement with experimental results which is obtained after 10 adjustments that the tracking accuracy is less than12.6μrad.
Recently developed adaptive fiber laser array technique provides a promising way incorporating aberrations correction with laser beams transmission. Existing researches are focused on sub-aperture low order aberrations (pistons and tips/tilts) compensation and got excellent correction results for weak and moderate turbulence in short range. While such results are not adequate for future laser applications which face longer range and stronger turbulence. So sub-aperture high aberrations compensation is necessary. Relationship between corrigible orders of sub-aperture aberrations and far-field metrics as power-in-the-bucket (PIB) and Strehl ratio is investigated with numeric simulation in this paper. Numerical investigation results shows that increment in array number won’t result in effective improvement of the far-field metric if sub-aperture size is fixed. Low order aberrations compensation in sub-apertures gets its best performances only when turbulence strength is weak. Pistons compensation becomes invalid and higher order aberrations compensation is necessary when turbulence gets strong enough. Cost functions of the adaptive fiber laser array with high order aberrations correction in sub-apertures are defined and the optimum corrigible orders are discussed. Results shows that high order (less than first ten Zernike orders) compensation is acceptable where balance between increment of the far-field metric and the cost and complexity of the system could be reached.
Optical phase locking is a key technique in homodyne coherent optical communication, coherent optical detection, and active coherent laser beam combination. In these applications, environmental temperature variation and mechanical vibration would affect the accuracy of phase locking, or even cause losing lock. These disturbances are generally equivalent to introducing phase jitter, phase step, frequency ramp, and frequency step in the loop. A frequency discrimination and control subloop is introduced to improve the frequency acquisition, and the tracking performance is studied experimentally. The loop can track phase step in 0.2 ms, and precisely track ±π/2 sine phase jitter for jittering frequency lower than 1 kHz. For frequency ramp, the residual phase error is unaffected for ramping rates slower than 40 MHz/s. The frequency discrimination and control subloop makes the loop lock quickly under a frequency step larger than the pull-in frequency. The mean tracking time is 31 ms for a 1 MHz frequency step. The maximum trackable frequency step is around 160 MHz. Continuous or step variation of phase and frequency could be tracked by the loop with the frequency discrimination and control subloop.
Agile beam steering has been previously reported to be one of the unique properties of a liquid crystal optical phased array. We propose a stochastic scanning method using the property of agile beam steering to shorten acquisition time in building a free-space laser communication link. As a specific example, Gaussian stochastic scan enables higher acquisition probability and shorter acquisition time. In addition, there are two factors to influence the results: standard deviation of stochastic scanning angle and the width of the laser beam. Theoretical analysis is presented that the stochastic scanning method is a unique method to speed up the acquisition process in free-space laser communication.
To achieve a wider scanning range of liquid crystal optical phased array (LC-OPA), in this paper, a novel method of improved high order grating (i-HOG) is proposed in one device without introducing any other devices. The method of i-HOG breaks through the traditional ideas of modulo 𝟐𝛑 phase and takes the fringe effect into account to have a multi order extension. Subsequently, the method is verified by numerical simulation showing that it realizes a scanning range of wider than 20 degrees and even wider.
A high-sensitivity temperature sensor based on optical fiber delay is proposed in this paper. The sensor system is designed and tested in a temperature range of 0°C to 100°C with increments of 5°C. The output delay difference is found to be linearly proportional to the temperature with an average fluctuation less than 0.1 ps. To achieve an overall low cost and practical detection, a simple detection system is developed to measure temperature, and a potential for high temperature sensitivity is shown by analyzing the system. As a result, this sensor system is proven to be feasible and practical, and temperature can be measured in a simple and economical way.
The multi-wave imaging spectrometer with high spectral resolution and
high energy utilization is an essential tool to characterize the solar atmosphere. A
novel method based on the aberrations correction and high grating efficiency is
proposed to avoid the aberration and increase the temporal resolution. It is applied to
design a dual band high spectral resolution imaging spectrometer based on New
Vacuum Solar Telescope, it can simultaneously observe Hα 0.6563 um and CaII
0.8542 um lines, separately, improving the telescope observation efficiency. The ray
tracing and optimization for the optical system are carried out with Zemax software.
The results demonstrate that the wavefront RMS is roughly 0.06λ at 0.6563 um, and
0.04λ at 0.8542 um, within 3 arcmins field of view; The grating efficiency are all
better than 70% in the range from 0.6 um to 1.1 um, which are equivalent to that of
the fast imaging spectrograph (43%) installed in the New solar telescope at Big Bear
Solar Observatory. The method is proved to be feasible, and can be used as a guidance
to spectrometer design.
To determine parameters of the Segmented Mirror Telescope is quite essential for the design, manufacture, testing and construct of the telescope system, especially the F-number parameters and curvature radius of the primary mirror, as well as the asphericity. A model of Sub-segmented mirror was established in this paper, based on which, using the feature points combined with lagrange condition extreme, the asphericity calculation of the asymmetrical hexagon off-axis parabolic mirror in different central points is solved. The 8m and 11m segmented mirror telescope were taken for example in the calculation, and got the relation curve between F-number of primary mirror and Asphericity of segmented mirror, respectively. This work is useful for the design, manufacturing and testing of the large diameter Segmented Mirror Telescope.
In this paper, a novel thin film was proposed for optical super-resolution imaging, which contains a layer of closely-arranged barium titanate glass microsphere with diameter about 30-100μm embedded in a transparent polydimethylsiloxane soft mold. Then the imaging mechanism was analyzed by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation and spectrum analysis method. Finally, the thin film was prepared and used to image the sample with sub-wavelength feature to confirm the capability of super-resolution imaging. The experimental result shows that an irresolvable Blu-ray DVD disk with feature size of 300nm can be resolved by placing a thin-film on its surface and then look through it with a conventional microscope. The thin film presented here is flexible, lightweight, easy to carry and can be used in the nanophotonics, nanoplasmonics, and biomedical imaging areas.
According to the technical features and requirements of the television imaging system for tracking and measuring, we
designed a TV system with focal length of 2800mm, F/11.7 and 2ω(FOV) of 14.2′. The system is compact and easy to
fabricate and align, with good image quality. Meanwhile, we performed stray light analysis with ASAP optical software,
described stray light suppression techniques used in the TV for tracking and measuring, proposed a method to determine
optical properties of the system components and parameters of the scattering model reasonably. We calculated the PST
curve of the system for incident angle from -45° to 45°. The results show that when the off-axis angle is larger than the
critical incident angle of the sun, PST value is less than 10-8.
Optical fiber temperature sensors can provide accurate temperature information and adapt to different temperature environments well, so they have been widely used. Traditional optical fiber temperature sensors depend upon optical fiber grating or nonlinear back scatting, both of which need complex measurement systems and high cost. So, a simple and chip temperature sensing method was put forward based on fiber delay technology, and the temperature information was obtained by measuring additional delay of optical signal in fiber. Establishing an experiment system by using the frequency domain phase method, we obtained the delay coefficient which describes the relationship between delay and temperature, so that the feasibility of the method was proved.
The classical scheme of OBS (Optical Burst Switching) optical wavelength channels uses ITU-T’s DWDM (Dense Wavelength Divided Multiplex) standard wavelength at 1550nm band. BHPs (Burst Header Packet) over control optical wavelength channel and BPs (Burst Packet) over burst packets optical wavelength channels all choose this band. A novel scheme of OBS control optical wavelength channel selects 1310nm wavelength as the control optical wavelength channel, and the other channels are the same with the classical scheme. The key design is to choose broadband 1310/1550 wavelength divided multiplexer and demultiplexer, the band range is from 1270 to 1350nm at 1310nm band, from 1520 to 1610nm at 1550nm band, also its isolation is more than 30dB. The novel scheme has advantages of saving resource of DWDM wavelength channels and reducing cost of OBS system based on assuring the capability and quality of OBS system, comparing with the classical scheme.
An optimum design scheme for a new 3 Dimensions Magneto-Optical Disc information storage system is proposed. By the use of the Polarization Preserving Fiber (P.P.F) integrated optical head, the small objective lens of the P.P.F. optical head can be moving at high speed, the average access time of the storage system can be reduced effectively. The wave division multiple technology can be used to realize multi-wavelengths optical fiber signals transmission in parallel mode, so the 3 dimensions storage system possesses the advantages of huge density, and the access time will be further decreased. According to the laser diffraction theory, an optical expert system software is set up to analyze the aberrations of the integrate optical head, and to compute the pick-up signals by computer simulation.
An optimum design scheme for a new 3 Dimensions Magneto-Optical Disc information storage system is proposed. By the use of the Polarization Preserving Fiber (P.P.F) integrated opitcal head, the small objective lens of the P.P.Fiber optical head can be moving at high speed, the average access time of the storage system can be reduced effectively. The wave division multiple technology can be used to realize multi-wavelengths optical fiber signals transmission in parallel mode, so the 3 dimensions storage system possesses the advantages of huge density, and the access time will be further decreased. According to the laser diffraction theory, an optical expert system software is set up to analyze the aberrations of the integrate optical head, and to compute the pick-up signals by computer simulation.
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