KEYWORDS: Fringe analysis, Principal component analysis, Reconstruction algorithms, Matrices, Deformation, Wavelet transforms, Optical engineering, Background noise, Singular value decomposition, Signal to noise ratio
To improve the reconstruction efficiency in the fringe projection profilometry, we present an adaptive double principal component analysis (DPCA) algorithm to remove the zero frequency and carrier frequency. The proposed DPCA method consists of the background removal PCA (BRPCA) and carrier removal PCA (CRPCA). The BRPCA algorithm is used to remove zero-frequency component and suppress the spectrum overlapping. The threshold is adaptively adjusted according to the change of the singular value and the matrix reconstruction dimension is adaptively obtained. The CRPCA algorithm is used to remove the carrier in the fundamental frequency component to obtain a phase map that contains only the height distribution of the tested object. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively remove zero frequency and carrier frequency and has higher reconstruction accuracy and anti-noise ability than existing state-of-the-art methods.
Due to the advantages of non-contact, low cost and high accuracy, Fringe Projection Profilometry (FPP) has been widely used in different kinds of fields for robust three-dimensional measurement. However, limited by the filter operations in Fourier transform profilometry and multiple fringe patterns requirement in phase shifting profilometry, it’s difficult for traditional methods to achieve high-accuracy 3D reconstruction for moving objects. Meanwhile, because of the large amount parameters of neural networks and the complexity of network structures, it is time-consuming to perform one interface and hard to achieve real-time processing for current deep learning based FPP methods. In this paper, we proposed a single-shot method based on Neural Architecture Search (NAS) technique for the lightweight network processing. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve the reconstruction rate of up to 32 fps in high-accuracy and realize real-time 3D measurement for dynamic scenes.
KEYWORDS: Deformation, Digital image correlation, 3D metrology, 3D projection, Phase shifts, Projection systems, Modulation, Cameras, 3D image processing, Shape analysis
Stereo digital image correlation (3D-DIC or Stereo-DIC) has advantages of high accuracy and flexibility and is widely used for 3D shape and deformation reconstruction. However, it is difficult to retrieve information of complex structure due to the severe perspective distortion in both views and area-based matching algorithm. And on the other hand, fringe projection profilometry (FPP) has pixelwise 3D shape reconstruction ability for complex structure but lacks accurate deformation and strain analyzing ability. In this work, we combine DIC with FPP to simultaneously obtain accurate 3D shape and deformation information and further perform strain analysis. First, the complete 3D shape of complex surface is reconstructed pixel by pixel using FPP. Next, the modulation of the phase-shifting fringes is extracted as texture maps to eliminate the interference of ambient light and for further DIC processing. DIC is only used to perform temporal matching for pixel-by-pixel tracking on reconstructed 3D shape. The in-plane and out-of-plane deformations are obtained simultaneously by directly comparing the complete 3D data for each corresponding pixel. Moreover, the strain in each direction is calculated by differencing the deformation data with chain rule. Experiments on the complex dynamic scene demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method and show potential in analysis of specimen with complex structure.
Large DOF (depth-of-field) with high SNR (signal-noise-ratio) imaging plays an important role in many applications such as unmanned driving to medical imaging. However, there is always a trade-off between DOF and SNR in traditional optical design. In this paper, we propose a NIR&VISCAM (NIR&VIS Camera) that combines multi-spectral optical design and deep learning to realize large DOF and high SNR imaging. Specifically, a multi-spectral optical imaging system based on the HVS (human visual system) is designed to provide colorful but small DOF VIS (visible) image and large DOF NIR (near-infrared) image. To achieve DOF extension, we build a fusion network NIR&VISNet consisting of a VIS encoder for color extraction, a NIR encoder for spatial details extraction and a decoder for information fusion. We establish a prototype to capture real-scene dataset containing 1000 sets and test our method on a variety of test samples. The experimental results demonstrate that our NIR&VISCAM can effectively produce large DOF images with high quality. Moreover, compared to the classic image fusion methods, our designed algorithm achieves the optimal performance in DOF extension and color fidelity. With the prominent performance in large DOF and high SNR imaging, this novel and portable system is promising for vision applications such as smartphone photography, industry detection, and life medical.
In this paper, a wavefront testing method of membrane diffractive lens based on line structured light deflectormetry is proposed. The test membrane diffractive lens was placed between a screen and a camera, and a series of artificially coded line structured light that scanned on the screen were shot by the camera through the diffraction of the test lens. After the difference calculation of coordinates where light on the test lens and the screen, wavefront of the test diffraction order could be obtained by the integral of slopes. To improve the measuring accuracy, systematic errors were removed by N-step averaging method. In the experiment, a membrane diffractive lens with a diameter of 80mm, F/4.5 was measured using this method, which proved the feasibility after self-consistent results were obtained.
In this paper, the three-dimensional measurement technology of structured light is combined with high-speed photography to measure and reconstruct the surface deformation of aluminum alloy target under the condition of light gas gun loading. The test designed a structured light projection system based on the Kohler illumination structure, and adopted a self-developed high-speed photoelectric camera to receive the deformed fringe image. A 100ns magnitude time-resolved three-dimensional surface measurement of the deformation of the target during the process of the light gas gun pushing the projectile into the target plate is realized. By comparing the results of 3D surface reconstruction with numerical simulation results, the reliability of the proposed method for 3D measurement under high speed impact conditions is verified.
Phase-to-height mapping is indispensable part of three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement system based on phase analysis, which guarantees the accuracy of 3D reconstruction. In this paper, a real time 3D shape reconstruction method based on dual-frequency composite grating projection and phase-height lookup table is proposed. In this method, a reference plane is moved with a known interval along the measurement depth direction to establish a mapping lookup table between the wrapped phase of dual-frequency composite grating and the corresponding spatial height pixel by pixel respectively. The actual experimental results show that the reconstruction accuracy of this method is better than that of the traditional phase-to-height quadratic fitting method. Finally, combining the high performance parallel computation of GPU, the real time 3D shape reconstruction with the speed of 60 fps and the resolution of 1152*800 pixels is realized.
KEYWORDS: 3D metrology, Phase shifts, Projection systems, Digital filtering, Digital Light Processing, Binary data, Cameras, 3D image processing, Reflectivity
The measuring technique combining phase-shifting algorithm and Gray-code light has been widely used in threedimensional (3D) shape measurement for static scenes owing to its high robustness and anti-noise ability. However, it is challenging for this method to realize a high-speed shape measurement using fewer patterns. Because of the object motion and the defocus of the projector, phase unwrapping errors occur easily on the boundaries of adjacent Gray-code words. In existing methods, median filtering or extra patterns projecting were used to overcome this challenge. In this paper, two robust Gray-code coding strategies have been proposed for the same purpose. By recoding the traditional Gray codes in temporal and spatial domains respectively, cyclic complementary Gray-code (CCGC) patterns and shifting Gray-code (SGC) patterns are designed. Both of these two coding strategies can obtain two sets of decoding words whose boundaries are stagger for one wrapped phase. To avoid using the decoding words on the edge, different decoding codes are used depending on the range of phase value. So the robust and simple phase unwrapping can be achieved without projecting extra patterns. High-quality 3D results of multiple randomly moving objects with sharp edges verified the proposed methods’ feasibility and validity
In the existing intensity-ratio measuring methods, unwrapping the intensity ratio may be erroneous or even fail when measuring complex and isolated objects. This paper presents an improved three-dimensional (3-D) profile measuring method based on intensity-ratio measurement. Two shifting triangular patterns are projected to generate a triangular intensity-ratio distribution, and a Ronchi grating is projected to correctly divide the triangular intensity-ratio regions. Then, an absolute intensity ratio is retrieved point-by-point with the periodic label of the projected Ronchi grating. Finally, the intensity-ratio-to-height mapping algorithm is used to reconstruct the 3-D surface shape. The experimental results have demonstrated the feasibility and validity of the proposed method in restoring 3-D surface shape of the complex and isolated objects.
Since liquid crystal display (LCD) screen locates outside of the camera’s field of view in fringe-reflection photogrammetry, fringes displayed on LCD screen are obtained through specular reflection by a fixed camera. Thus, the pose calibration between camera and LCD screen is one of the main challenges in fringe-reflection photogrammetry. A markerless planar mirror is used to reflect the LCD screen more than three times, and the fringes are mapped into the fixed camera. The geometrical calibration can be accomplished by estimating the pose between the camera and virtual image of fringes. With the help of the relation between their pose, incidence and reflection ray can be unified in the camera frame, forward triangulation intersection can be operated in the camera frame to measure 3D coordinate of specular surface. In the final optimization, constraint bundle adjustment is operated to refine simultaneously the camera intrinsic parameters including distortion coefficients, estimated geometrical pose between LCD screen and camera, 3D coordinate of specular surface, with the help of absolute phase collinear constraint. Results of simulations and experiments demonstrate that the pose calibration with planar mirror reflection is simple, feasible and constraint bundle adjustment can enhance the three-dimensional coordinate measurement accuracy in fringe-reflection photogrammetry.
Common problems faced in optical comprehensive design experiment and going against the Washington Accord are pointed out. For resolving these problems, an instructional and innovative teaching scheme for Optics Comprehensive Design Experiment is proposed. We would like to understand the student that can improve the hands-on practical ability, theory knowledge understanding ability, complex problem solving ability, engineering application ability, cooperative ability after tracking and researching the student who have attended the class about Optical Comprehensive Design Experiment, We found that there are some problems on the course such as the experiment content vague, the student beginning less time, phase separation theory and engineering application, the experiment content lack of selectivity and so on. So we have made some improvements reference to the Washington Accord for the class teaching plan about Optical Comprehensive Design Experiment. This class must relevant to the engineering basic courses, professional foundation course and the major courses, so far as to the future study and work that which can play a role in inheriting and continuity to the students. The Optical Comprehensive Design Experiment teaching program requires students learning this course to have learnt basic courses like analog electronics technique, digital electronic technique, applied optics and computer and other related courses which students are required to comprehensively utilize. This teaching scheme contains six practical complex engineering problems which are respectively optical system design, light energy meter design, illuminometer design, material refractive index measuring system design, light intensity measuring system design and open design. Establishing the optional experiment and open experiment can provide students with a greater choice and enhance the students' creativity, vivid teaching experimental teachers and enriching contents of experiment can make the experiment more interesting, providing students with more opportunities to conduct experiment and improving students' practical ability with long learning time, putting emphasis on student's understanding of complex engineering problems and the cognitive of the process to solve complex engineering problems with actual engineering problems. Applying the scheme in other courses and improving accordingly will be able to ensure the quality of engineering education. Look forward to offering useful reference for the curriculum system construction in colleges and universities.
Camera calibration plays an important role in the field of machine vision and photogrammetry, and among the practical calibration methods, the one proposed by Zhang ZhengYou is higher accuracy and easily operated. However, this method needs to move the camera (or the planar target) to get three or more target images at different locations, and it is better to uniformly fill the calibration target in whole measurement volume to improve the calibrate precision. But manual movement and placement of the targets frequently will increase the difficulty in guaranteeing the uniform distribution of target. In view of this situation and according to the linear imaging model of the camera, a new camera calibration method based on the virtual planar targets is proposed in this paper. A liquid crystal display was used as a target plane, and the 2D target graphics were displayed on this LCD screen. Using TSai’s camera calibration method to get initial parameters, a serial of images of the virtual planar targets in different positions were captured with keeping the display position unchanged and are used to calculate the internal and external parameters of the camera by classic Zhang’s camera calibration method, and the new internal and external parameters would again guide the movement of virtual target. After several iterations, camera parameters can be obtained with high precision. The presented method is flexible and easy to operate, and it has been applied to calibrate different cameras and an actual 3D shape measurement system in our Lab. The comparison results of the transverse coordinates in plane calculated by this method and by Zhang’s camera calibration method shows that this proposed method is quite accurate and reliable.
Three-dimensional (3-D) shape measurement technology based on structured light has become one hot research field inspired by the increasing requirements. Many methods have been implemented and applied in the industry applications, but most of their equipments are large and complex, cannot be portable. Meanwhile, the popularity of the smart mobile terminals, such as smart phones, provides a platform for the miniaturization and portability of this technology. The measurement system based on phase-shift algorithm and Gray-code pattern under the Android platform on a mobile phone is mainly studied and developed, and it has been encapsulated into a mobile phone application in order to reconstruct 3-D shape data in the employed smart phone easily and quickly. The experimental results of two measured object are given in this paper and demonstrate the application we developed in the mobile platform is effective.
Based on digital speckle temporal sequence correlation and speckle projection, an experimental platform was developed to measure the dynamic 3D shape measurement in this paper. Speckle patterns generated by computer were projected onto the quartz clock surface by a white-light projector, and the deformed speckle patterns were acquired by a camera. Programming was written to implement the algorithm to reconstruct every motion of the running clock's pointers. Beyond that, a simple Newton's cradle was established, and the collision course between three steel balls was reconstructed. These experimental results show that the method can be used for dynamic 3D shape measurement, which has an effect on the reconstruction of objects with characteristics of steep variation, isolation and small details.
Among temporal phase unwrapping methods based on structured light projection, tri-frequency heterodyne method, with the merits of less projected fringe, high precision and high reliability, has become a practical method in objects three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement. In this paper, a 3D shape measuring system was developed with a digital micromirror device (DMD) and synchronously trigged CCD camera. The 3D shape of a measured object was reconstructed from the deformed fringe patterns based on tri-frequency heterodyne method. The practical experiments were carried on some coins, and the results show that the system can restore their 3D shape on the tested partition with an accuracy of microns. This measurement system is prominent in 3D shape measurement of small or tiny objects, sample testing, and many other application fields.
The active deformable lap (also namely stressed lap) is an efficient polishing tool in optical manufacturing. To measure the dynamic deformation caused by outside force on a deformable lap is important and helpful to the opticians to ensure the performance of a deformable lap as expected. In this paper, a manual deformable lap was designed to simulate the dynamic deformation of an active stressed lap, and a measurement system was developed based on inverse projected fringe technique to restore the 3D shape. A redesigned inverse fringe has been projected onto the surface of the measured lap, and the deformations of the tested lap become much obvious and can be easily and quickly evaluated by Fourier fringe analysis. Compared with the conventional projection, this technique is more obvious, and it should be a promising one in the deformation measurement of the active stressed lap in optical manufacturing.
KEYWORDS: Speckle, 3D metrology, Cameras, Projection systems, 3D image processing, Modulation, 3D modeling, 3D acquisition, Speckle pattern, Calibration
Nowadays, 3D face recognition has become a subject of considerable interest in the security field due to its unique advantages in domestic and international. However, acquiring color-textured 3D faces data in a fast and accurate manner is still highly challenging. In this paper, a new approach based on color speckle projection for 3D face data dynamic acquisition is proposed. Firstly, the projector-camera color crosstalk matrix that indicates how much each projector channel influences each camera channel is measured. Secondly, the reference-speckle-sets images are acquired with CCD, and then three gray sets are separated from the color sets using the crosstalk matrix and are saved. Finally, the color speckle image which is modulated by face is captured, and it is split three gray channels. We measure the 3D face using multi-sets of speckle correlation methods with color speckle image in high-speed similar as one-shot, which greatly improves the measurement accuracy and stability. The suggested approach has been implemented and the results are supported by experiments.
This paper presents our study on dynamic three-dimensional (3D) shape measuring technique, which is based on the idea of projecting and superposing a carrier fringe pattern onto the changing surface of a tested dynamic object, then recoding a sequence deformed fringe patterns from other view direction and reconstructing its 3D dynamic shape with 2D or 3D Fourier fringe analysis. This paper briefly reviews the basic principles and its typical applications of the combined technology based on grating projection and Fourier fringe analysis that we have developed over past ten years.
The study of 3D shape measurement by digital speckle temporal sequence correlation have drawn a lot of attention by its own advantages, however, the measurement mainly for depth z-coordinate, horizontal physical coordinate (x, y) are usually marked as image pixel coordinate. In this paper, a new approach for the system calibration is proposed. With an auxiliary camera, we made up the temporary binocular vision system, which are used for the calibration of horizontal coordinates (mm) while the temporal sequence reference-speckle-sets are calibrated. First, the binocular vision system has been calibrated using the traditional method. Then, the digital speckles are projected on the reference plane, which is moved by equal distance in the direction of depth, temporal sequence speckle images are acquired with camera as reference sets. When the reference plane is in the first position and final position, crossed fringe pattern are projected to the plane respectively. The control points of pixel coordinates are extracted by Fourier analysis from the images, and the physical coordinates are calculated by the binocular vision. The physical coordinates corresponding to each pixel of the images are calculated by interpolation algorithm. Finally, the x and y corresponding to arbitrary depth value z are obtained by the geometric formula. Experiments prove that our method can fast and flexibly measure the 3D shape of an object as point cloud.
Surface three-dimensional (3-D) shape information is needed for many fast processes such as structural testing of material, standing waves on loudspeaker cone, etc. Usually measurement is done from limited number of points using electrical sensors or laser distance meters. Fourier Transform Profilometry (FTP) enables fast shape measurement of the whole surface. Method is based on angled sinusoidal fringe pattern projection and image capturing. FTP requires only one image of the deformed fringe pattern to restore the 3-D shape of the measured object, which makes real-time or dynamic data processing possible. In our experiment the method was used for loudspeaker cone distortion measurement in dynamic conditions. For sound quality issues it is important that the whole cone moves in same phase and there are no partial waves. Our imaging resolution was 1280x1024 pixels and frame rate was 200 fps. Using our setup we found unwanted spatial waves in our sample cone.
Three-dimensional (3-D) shape measuring techniques, using a combination of grating projection and a most frequently
used mathematical tool--Fourier fringe analysis, have been deeply researched and increasing in numbers. Such kind
techniques are based on the idea of projecting and superposing a carrier fringe pattern onto the surface of the tested
object, and then reconstructing its corresponding 3-D shape from the deformed fringe pattern modulated by the height of
the tested object and captured by a camera from other view direction. This paper mainly reviews the basic principles and
its typical applications of the combined technology based on grating projection and Fourier fringe analysis that we have
developed over past ten years in the research field of dynamic 3-D shape measurement. Meanwhile, the advantages and
challenges of this technique and the current development of real-time measurement in this research filed are also
described as a discussion and conclusion in this paper.
Inspired by dominant flight of the natural flyers and driven by civilian and military purposes, micro air vehicle (MAV) has been developed so far by passive wing control but still pales in aerodynamic performance. Better understanding of flapping wing flight mechanism is eager to improve MAV’s flight performance. In this paper, a simple and effective 4D metrology technique to measure full-field deformation of flapping membrane wing is presented. Based on fringe projection and 3D Fourier analysis, the fast and complex dynamic deformation, including wing rotation and wing stroke, of a flapping wing during its flight can be accurately reconstructed from the deformed fringe patterns recorded by a highspeed camera. An experiment was carried on a flapping-wing MAV with 5-cm span membrane wing beating at 30 Hz, and the results show that this method is effective and will be useful to the aerodynamicist or micro aircraft designer for visualizing high-speed complex wing deformation and consequently aid the design of flapping wing mechanism to enhanced aerodynamic performance.
KEYWORDS: 3D metrology, Fringe analysis, 3D image processing, Fourier transforms, Projection systems, 3D image reconstruction, Cameras, Phase measurement, RGB color model, Digital imaging
In three dimensional (3D) shape measurement based on fringe projection, a serial of well designed color strips is used to
encode each period of the projected sinusoidal fringe. It is considered one of the most reliable techniques for recovering
3D shape of a tested objects, even with spatially isolated surface. The sinusoidal fringe intensity is used to extract the
phase information of the tested object, and the color strips with known order is assisted to recover its corresponding
natural phase distribution. Principles of this technique and three color encoding methods with difference color
codification are described in this paper. Some experimental results are also presented. In each method, each fringe order
only depends on its own corresponding color information, has nothing to do with the neighborhood fringes in space,
thus, unwrapping error is limited in a small area and won't expand to other pixels. It takes great convenience for 3D
measurement of an object with spatially isolated surface. With only one image, 3D shape of the tested object can be
exactly reconstructed, thus the speed is limited only by the frame rate of camera, so these methods can also be used in 3D
shape measurement for dynamic object.
A new coding method is proposed for measuring the three-dimensional (3D) shape of spatially isolated objects .
Based on Gray Code and sinusoidal stripe, this coded fringe pattern whose RGB components comprise the
multiplications of three different frames in Gray Code and sinusoidal stripes, appears to be digital color coded sinusoidal
fringes. The digital color coded sinusoidal fringe pattern is created by software on a computer and then projected to the
tested object's surface by a projector, and the image of the object is captured by a camera positioned at an angle different
from that of the projector, then the image is processed, color Gray Codes are used to obtain the phase order and
sinusoidal stripes are used to get the wrapped phase, then the wrapped phase can be unwrapped and the 3D surface
information can be retrieved. With only one image, 3D shape of the isolated objects can be exactly reconstructed, thus
the speed is limited only by the frame rate of camera. The principle of this technique is described and an actual
measurement is presented, the result of the reconstructed shapes proves the correctness and feasibility of this new coding
method.
This paper proposes a fast 3D shape measurement method based on two orthogonal gratings projection. Two orthogonal
gratings through a beam splitter are vertically projected on an object surface, and the tested object is placed between the
imaging planes of the two gratings. Then the image of the object surface modulated by the orthogonal gratings can be
obtained by a CCD camera from the same direction. The image is processed by the Fourier transform and spatial
frequency domain direction filtering and reverse Fourier transform. Using the modulation distributions of two grating
patterns, we can reconstruct the 3D shape of the tested object. In the measurement process, only need to capture one
fringe pattern, so it is faster than the previous modulation measurement profilometry, and has also the advantages of
vertical measurement without shadow problem. The method provides a possibility to be developed as a new real time
pseudocolor encoding system for 3D shape.
In this paper, a practical method using phase tracking algorithm and ray tracing algorithm is proposed for measuring the 3D shape of an underwater object. A sinusoidal fringe is projected through the water to modulate the information of the tested object's 3D shape. Firstly, according to the binocular stereovision principle and regarding the projector as a special camera, the phase tracking algorithm is taken to identify the homologous points in the phase distribution of the deformed fringe captured by the camera and that of the fringe pattern projected by the projector. The relationship between those two coordinate systems will be fixed on. Secondly, the ray tracing algorithm is used to trace the propagation path of each
ray and define the 3D coordinates of each point on the tested object's surface. Finally, the whole shape of the tested object can be reconstructed. Without any scanning device, the method proposed in this paper can speed up the measurement process and reduce the cost. An actual measurement for a model and a hand in the water was done, the prefect results of the reconstructed shapes prove this method correctly and feasibility.
A method based on basic phase measuring deflectometry is proposed for testing the aspherical mirror. The method uses a reference screen in two different distances from the mirror under test. The sinusoidal, intensity-modulated patterns generated by the computer are displayed on the LCD screen, and the camera observes the patterns reflected off the testing mirror. The observed pattern appears distorted depending on the shape of the mirror. Using the phase-shifting technique, the original ray of every image point and its corresponding deflected ray can be constructed. Their intersection points and the surface normal are obtained. Then the mirror surface is reconstructed with high accuracy by numerically integrating the surface normals. The proposed method is robust against noise and can test the mirror full field. In this work, the method is introduced, and computer simulation and experimental results are shown.
In this paper a method for measurement and analysis of dynamic deformation based on inverse projected fringe
technique is presented. This technique is also based on fringe projection but uses an active fringe control. The inverse
fringe pattern is projected onto the surface of a vibrating membrane and a high-speed CCD camera is used to record the
deformed fringe patterns on the membrane. On the recording plan, only the fringes at the deformed area will be curved
while fringes in the other areas remains straight and the deformation of the measured object become much obvious. The
shape and movement of the deforming object can be qualitatively analyzed and recognized by Fourier transform, filtering
and inverse Fourier transform. The movement of a vibrating membrane and a deforming lap are calculated and evaluated.
The results demonstrate this method is feasible and accurate to analyze dynamic deformation.
In this paper, a new wavefront measurement is proposed, which is based on active deflectormetry and phase-shift technique. The deflections of imaging rays caused by a phase object could be measured accurately with the phase-shift technique and a removable TFT flat panel to display both the horizontal and vertical sinusoidal intensity patterns respectively, and then the wavefront distribution could be calculated. When a phase object is placed between a display and a calibrated CCD camera, the intensity patterns will be distorted. The distortion can be measured, and another different distortion can be got by moving the display. Then the ray deflections can be measured as well as the gradients of phase shift caused by the object. Therefore the wavefront can be reconstructed. Experimental results show the feasibility of this method. Compared with other techniques, this technique is simpler, cheaper and more flexible.
The active stressed lap is the heart of polishing process. A novel non-contact optical method of dynamic deformation measurement and analysis of an active stressed lap is put forward. This method, based on structured illumination, is able to record full-field information of the bending and rotating stressed lap dynamically and continuously, while its profile is changed under computer control, and restore the whole process of lap deformation varied with time at different position and rotating angle. It has been verified by experiments that this proposed method will be helpful to the opticians to ensure the stressed lap as expected.
In this paper we presented a method for whole-field three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement and vibration analysis of
a vibrating woofer's cone based on Fourier transform profilometry (FTP). A sequence of dynamic deformed fringe
images can be grabbed by high-speed CCD camera and saved on disk rapidly. By Fourier transform, filtering, inverse
Fourier transform and unwrapping these phase maps in 3D phase space, we can obtain the shape of the rapid vibrating
woofer's cone at different time. The results of our experiment indicate that the method, presented in this paper, can
efficiently deal with the surface shape measurement for rapid motion object and will be a promising one with the
development of high-speed frame grabber.
We propose an improved FTP based on bi-color grating projecting. Two individual sinusoidal fringe patterns with π phase difference can be decoded from the deformed bi-color sinusoidal fringe pattern captured by color digital camera. Accessing the two fringe patterns, we can not only eliminate zero order spectra but also automatically build a binary mask at the same time to mark the valid measurement area easily, by which unwrapping phase time is shorten as well as phase error from invalid area is not transferred into valid area; Furthermore, we can easily expand the captured non-full-field deformed fringe pattern to form full field fringe pattern to guarantee frequency resolution.
A method of three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement and visualization of object during impact based on Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) is proposed and verified by experiment. A sequence of dynamic deformed fringe images on the surface of object is grabbed by high speed CCD camera and saved on disk rapidly. Than processed them by Fourier transform, filtering, inverse Fourier transform and unwrapped these phase maps in 3D phase space, the shape deformation of object during impact can be recovered. This method is suitable for wide use in studying such high-speed motion as explosion, expansion, contraction and even shock wave. Based on the phase difference between two neighborhood frames, we propound a 3D phase unwrapping algorithm, which will be of great benefit to 3D phase unwrapping in speed and accuracy. The results of our experiment indicate that the method, presented in this paper, can efficiently deal with the surface shape measurement for rapid motion object and will be a promising one with the development of high-speed frame grabber.
In this paper, a whole-field and high-speed optical three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement for the vibration pattern of a drumhead based on Fourier Transform Profilometry (FTP) is presented and verified by experiment. A projected sinusoidal fringe pattern on the surface of measured drumhead is dynamically deformed with the vibration of the membrane and grabbed by a high-speed camera. The 3D shape deformation of the drumhead at each sampling instant can be recovered from demodulating the phase of this obtained sequence of fringe patterns. The vibration of the membrane of a Chinese drum has been measured with a high-speed sampling rate (1,000 fps) and a standard deviation (0.075 mm). This method should be helpful in studying the acoustic characteristic and the manufacture technique of the percussion instrument.
A modified Fourier transform profilomtry (FTP) based on a fringe pattern with two frequency components is proposed. We discuss its principle, analyze the maximum measuring range and give an expression to describe the measurable slope of the height variation limitation of this method. The modified FTP provides us another approach to eliminate frequency overlapping. When the spectra distribution of a measured object is not spherical symmetry, we can avoid the frequency aliasing through projecting a fringe pattern with two frequency components, instead of increasing the density of the projected fringe and the resolution of CCD camera. The theoretical analysis and primary experiments verified the method.
An optical method for shape and deformation measurement of a rotating blade, which is based on Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) and the stroboscopic effect, is proposed and has been verified by experiments. The integrated principles of the method, the process of 3-D phase unwrapping, and the detailed design of the synchronization control unit are discussed. Experimental results on a commercial electric fan prove that FTP can reconstruct the shape of a rotating blade efficiently and reveal its deformation different times clearly by using stroboscopic structured illumination. This method can be used for studying high-speed motion with rapid periodic signals.
KEYWORDS: 3D metrology, Motion measurement, Fluctuations and noise, Fringe analysis, Sensors, Light emitting diodes, 3D visualizations, Dynamical systems, Signal detection, Data processing
A stroboscopic structured illumination system, which can be used in measurement for 3D shape and deformation of high-speed motion object, is proposed and verified by experiments. The system, present in this paper, can automatically detect the position of high-speed moving object and synchronously control the flash of LED to project a structured optical field onto surface of motion object and the shoot of imaging system to acquire an image of deformed fringe pattern, also can create a signal, set artificially through software, to synchronously control the LED and imaging system to do their job. We experiment on a civil electric fan, successful acquire a serial of instantaneous, sharp and clear images of rotation blade and reconstruct its 3D shapes in difference revolutions.
In this paper we proposed a method for three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement and visualization of balloon hull during quick deflation based on Fourier transform profilometry (FTP). A sequence of dynamic deformed fringe images can be grabbed by high-speed CCD camera and saved on disk rapidly. By Fourier transform, filtering, inverse Fourier transform and unwrapping these phase maps in 3D phase space, we can obtain the shape of the rapid deflating balloon in different times. Based on the phase difference between two neighborhood frames, we propound a 3D phase unwrapping algorithm, which will be of great benefit to 3D phase unwrapping in speed and accuracy. The results of our experiment indicate that the method, presented in this paper, can efficiently deal with the surface shape measurement for rapid motion object and will be a promising one with the development of high-speed frame grabber.
Digital micro-mirror device(DMD) is a new type of component which integrates with micro-electronics, micro-machinery and micro-optics. It used as a new type of spatial-light modulator will have a wide prospect in optical information processing and structured illumination three-dimensional sensing. The basic principles of DMD and digital light processor(DLP) have been particularly introduced. The spatio-temporal characteristic of DMD has been extensively studied. The effect on the Phase Measuring Profilometry due to the Spatio-temporal characteristic of DMD is discussed by computer simulation. Experiments have approved the validity of the simulation results which can give the guidance for the application of DMD in structured illumination three-dimensional sensing.
We introduce short-time Fourier transform into Fourier transform profilometry(FTP) to extract zero frequency component included in deformed fringe pattern. This method can be used to eliminate zero component by only one deformed fringe pattern instead of two. First we extract zero component of deformed fringe image using short-time Fourier transform and normalize it, then calculate the normalized Fourier spectra of deformed fringe image, finally subtract the zero component from Fourier spectra Fourier spectra of deformed fringe image. We give the theory analysis. Experimental results verify that this method can eliminate zero component and extend the measuring range of Fourier transform profilometry to nearly three times of that of the traditional FTP using a frame deformed fringe image. So it is an efficient method to extend measuring range and keep measuring speed, and the setup is very simple because of no phase shifting device needed.
KEYWORDS: Fringe analysis, Fourier transforms, 3D metrology, Calibration, Digital cameras, Projection systems, Phase shifting, RGB color model, 3D modeling, Inspection
Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) based on fringe projection has high speed and high procession advantages, so it is widely used in industrial inspection, solid modeling, biomedicine, machine vision and so on. In this paper, we present a novel method, in which we project a bi-color fringe pattern that is consisted of two interlaced RGB base color fringe patterns with π phase difference onto the object using digital light projector and the deformed color pattern is captured by color digital camera. Then the deformed color fringe pattern is decoded into two individual fringe patterns with π phase difference using image-separating technique. After modifying their averages and contrast, we subtract one of the two fringe patterns from the other to eliminate zero spectra. Compared with π phase-shifting technique, the obvious advantage of this method is that only one fringe pattern is needed to remove the zero spectra and raise the measurable slope of height variation nearly three times while no phase shifting device needed. Computer simulation and experiments verify our method.
Three-dimension (3-D) digitization of tooth is becoming an important diagnostic tool of dentistry for the quantitative medicine investigations. In this paper, an optical measurement instrument for tooth data acquisition based on the principle of structured illumination was developed. The instrument consists of a structured illumination optics, a stepping motor driven phase shifting device, a commercial CCD camera system with frame grabber interface and a control personal computer. Because there is no possibility of watching the system directly in the mouth, the measurements were still restricted to plaster casts of the tooth. With a new calibration gauge, both the phase-height mapping and 3D coordinates calibration could be done simultaneously through only one measurement. Additionally, to recover complex shape distribution of the tooth, a phase unwrapping procedure is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by experimental results.
Optical non-contact 3-D shape measurement provides a novel and useful tool for analysis of facial shape and movement in presurgical and postsurgical regular check. In this article we present a system, which allows a precise 3-D visualization of the patient's facial before and after craniofacial surgery. We discussed, in this paper, the real time 3-D image capture, processing and the 3-D phase unwrapping method to recover complex shape deformation when the movement of the mouth. The result of real-time measurement for facial shape and movement will be helpful for the more ideal effect in plastic surgery.
Three-dimensional (3-D) automatic measurement of an object is widely used in many fields. In Biology and Medicine society, it can be applicable for surgery, orthopedics, viscera disease analysis and diagnosis etc. Here a new fast method to measure the 3D surface of human heart is proposed which can provide doctors a lot of information, such as the size of heart profile, the sizes of the left or right heart ventricle, and the curvature center and radius of heart ventricle, to fully analyze and diagnose pathobiology of human heart. The new fast method is optically and noncontacted and based upon the Phase Measurement Profilometry (PMP), which has higher measuring precision. A human heart specimen experiment has verified our method.
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