Dr. Rajinder S. Kaler Profile

Dr. Rajinder S. Kaler

Professor at Thapar Univ

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (21)

SPIE Journal Paper | 30 November 2020

SOA-MZI based 4 × 4 interconnected crossbar photonic wavelength switching for datacenter load balancing

Harpreet Kaur, Rajinder Kaler

OE, Vol. 59, Issue 11, 117109, (November 2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.59.11.117109

KEYWORDS: Switches, Switching, Eye, Optical interconnects, Ranging, Optical engineering, Interference (communication), Signal to noise ratio, Signal attenuation, Modulation

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SPIE Journal Paper | 20 March 2019

Nonlinear Kerr and intermodal four-wave mixing effect in mode-division multiplexed multimode fiber link

Rajan Gupta, Rajinder Singh Kaler

OE, Vol. 58, Issue 03, 036108, (March 2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.58.3.036108

KEYWORDS: Multiplexing, Four wave mixing, Dispersion, Multimode fibers, Kerr effect, Wave propagation, Complex systems, Nonlinear optics, Optical engineering, Telecommunications

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SPIE Journal Paper | 22 August 2016

Photonic crystal waveguide-based biosensor for detection of diseases

Harshita Chopra, Rajinder Kaler, Balveer Painam

JNP, Vol. 10, Issue 03, 036011, (August 2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JNP.10.036011

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Blood, Biosensors, Refractive index, Photonic crystals, Cancer, Biological research, Resonators, Proteins, Plasma

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SPIE Journal Paper | 12 August 2016

On the optimization of fiber Bragg grating optical sensor using genetic algorithm to monitor the strain of civil structure with high sensitivity

Gurpreet Kaur, Rajinder Singh Kaler, Naveen Kwatra

OE, Vol. 55, Issue 08, 087103, (August 2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.55.8.087103

KEYWORDS: Bridges, Fiber Bragg gratings, Photoelasticity, Sensors, Optical sensors, Genetic algorithms, Optimization (mathematics), Refractive index, Optical engineering, Fiber optics sensors

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SPIE Journal Paper | 28 July 2016

Active layer identification of photonic crystal waveguide biosensor chip for the detection of Escherichia coli

Balveer Painam, Rajinder Kaler, Mukesh Kumar

OE, Vol. 55, Issue 07, 077105, (July 2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.55.7.077105

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Biosensors, Waveguides, Gallium arsenide, Photonic crystals, Refractive index, Pathogens, Scanning electron microscopy, Biological research, Structural design

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SPIE Journal Paper | 11 July 2016

Optimization and efficient routing scenario of system using C-band: reconfigurable multiwavelength optical cross connect based on tunable fiber Bragg grating and optical circulator

Manpreet Singh, Sanjeev Dewra, Rajinder Kaler

OE, Vol. 55, Issue 07, 076103, (July 2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.55.7.076103

KEYWORDS: Fiber Bragg gratings, Apodization, Dense wavelength division multiplexing, Optical amplifiers, Switches, Channel projecting optics, Receivers, Optical filters, Reflectivity, Optical networks

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SPIE Journal Paper | 9 May 2016

Performance comparison of pre-, boost-, and inline-multimode erbium-doped fiber amplifier configurations to boost mode-division multiplexed multimode fiber link

Rajan Gupta, Rajinder Singh Kaler

OE, Vol. 55, Issue 05, 056102, (May 2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.55.5.056102

KEYWORDS: Optical amplifiers, Multiplexing, Fiber amplifiers, Multimode fibers, Telecommunications, Optical communications, Receivers, Optical engineering, Signal attenuation, Erbium

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SPIE Journal Paper | 6 October 2015 Open Access

Review on recent developments in hybrid optical amplifier for dense wavelength division multiplexed system

Simranjit Singh, Rajinder Singh Kaler

OE, Vol. 54, Issue 10, 100901, (October 2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.54.10.100901

KEYWORDS: Optical amplifiers, Raman spectroscopy, Fiber amplifiers, Dense wavelength division multiplexing, Telecommunications, Multiplexing, Wavelength division multiplexing, Optical engineering, Terahertz radiation, Optical fibers

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SPIE Journal Paper | 9 January 2015

Photonic processing and realization of an all-optical digital comparator based on semiconductor optical amplifiers

Simranjit Singh, Ramandeep Kaur, Rajinder Singh Kaler

OE, Vol. 54, Issue 01, 016104, (January 2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.54.1.016104

KEYWORDS: Logic, Semiconductor optical amplifiers, Eye, Modulation, Digital electronics, Electronics, Computing systems, Optical logic, Phase modulation, Data communications

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SPIE Journal Paper | 3 November 2014

Photonic processing for all-optical logic gates based on semiconductor optical amplifier

Simranjit Singh, Rupinder Kaur, Rajinder Singh Kaler

OE, Vol. 53, Issue 11, 116102, (November 2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.53.11.116102

KEYWORDS: Logic devices, Logic, Semiconductor optical amplifiers, Modulation, Eye, Optical filters, Nonlinear optics, Optical engineering, Signal processing, Communication engineering

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All-optical signal processing plays an important role in the development of ultrahigh speed optical networks. All-optical logic schemes, such as OR, AND, NOT, and XOR gates, are projected using semiconductor optical amplifiers. Further, to verify the results of proposed logical gates, the half adder has also been realized and has achieved an accurate performance. The proposed schemes omit the requirement for an optical delay line or costly O-E-O conversions which makes the system flexible.

SPIE Journal Paper | 10 March 2014

Performance investigation of Raman erbium-doped fiber amplifier hybrid optical amplifier in the scenario of high-speed orthogonal-modulated signals

Simranjit Singh, Rajinder Kaler

OE, Vol. 53, Issue 03, 036102, (March 2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.53.3.036102

KEYWORDS: Modulation, Optical amplifiers, Fiber amplifiers, Raman spectroscopy, Receivers, Dense wavelength division multiplexing, Transmitters, Eye, Multiplexing, Signal detection

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We propose a new optical data format based on simultaneously modulating nonreturn-to-zero and polarization-shift-keying for high-speed applications by means of efficient utilization of bandwidth. To the best of our knowledge, this article reports on the first investigation of a Raman erbium-doped fiber amplifier hybrid optical amplifier using a hybrid/orthogonal modulation technique in the scenario of 8- and 20-channel dense wavelength division multiplexed systems with high-data rates at 0.2 and 0.8 nm channel spacing, respectively. The results show that the proposed modulation format offers significant advantages in offering high-spectral efficiency values with acceptable quality factors and bit error rates.

SPIE Journal Paper | 6 January 2014

Multiparameter optimization of a Raman fiber amplifier using a genetic algorithm for an L-band dense wavelength division multiplexed system

Simranjit Singh, Sonak Saini, Gurpreet Kaur, Rajinder Kaler

OE, Vol. 53, Issue 01, 016103, (January 2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.53.1.016103

KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Terahertz radiation, Fiber amplifiers, Radiofrequency ablation, Genetic algorithms, Dense wavelength division multiplexing, Optimization (mathematics), Optical amplifiers, L band, Multiplexing

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We present a simple genetic algorithm implemented to perform multiparameter optimization of a Raman fiber amplifier for a 100-channel L-band dense wavelength division multiplexed system at a 25-GHz interval. The system is investigated for various cases with fixed pump frequency leading to 202.2-THz pump as the best choice with average gain above 19.5 dB. There is evidence to show that a single counterpropagating pump optimized to 588.2-mW power level and optimum Raman fiber length of 38.8 km presents a small gain variation (<2 dB ) over an effective bandwidth covering 187 to 189.475 THz. The optimized configuration enabled an adequate system performance in terms of acceptable Q-factor (17 dB) and bit error rate (5.60×10 −13 ).

SPIE Journal Paper | 3 September 2013

Performance evaluation of hybrid optical amplifier for high-speed differential phase-shift keying-modulated optical signals

Simranjit Singh, Rajinder Kaler

OE, Vol. 52, Issue 09, 096102, (September 2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.52.9.096102

KEYWORDS: Optical amplifiers, Terahertz radiation, Raman spectroscopy, Fiber amplifiers, Phase shift keying, Modulation, Telecommunications, Optical engineering, Numerical simulations, Channel projecting optics

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The hybrid Raman and erbium-doped fiber amplifier is investigated for a 16×40 Gbps differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) modulation system at different channel spacings. It is reported that the proposed hybrid optical amplifier (HOA) provides better gain, signal quality and induces lesser crosstalk even when 640 Gbps DPSK signals are transmitted over 100 km of pumped single mode fiber. Further, the proposed system performance is compared with the current state-of-the-art HOA schemes.

SPIE Journal Paper | 6 September 2012

Isolated user security enhancement in optical code division multiple access network against eavesdropping

Vishav Jyoti, R. Kaler

OE, Vol. 51, Issue 9, 090501, (September 2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.51.9.090501

KEYWORDS: Signal detection, Information security, Network security, Code division multiplexing, Sensors, Computer programming, Receivers, Modulation, Target detection, Eye

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A novel virtual user system is modeled for enhancing the security of an optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) network. Although the OCDMA system implementing code shift keying (CSK) is secure against a conventional power detector, it is susceptible to differential eavesdropping. An analytical framework is developed for the CSK-OCDMA system to show eavesdropper's code interception performance for a single transmitting user in the presence of a virtual user. It is shown that the eavesdropper's probability of correct bit interception decreases from 7.1×10 −1 to 1.85×10 −5 with the inclusion of the virtual user. Furthermore, the results confirm that the proposed virtual user scheme increases the confidentiality of the CSK-OCDMA system and outperforms the conventional OCDMA scheme in terms of security.

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Proceedings Article | 2 October 2006

Optimization of crosstalk and power penalty in semiconductor optical amplifiers for 10 × 80 Gb/s WDM over long transmission using soliton RZ-DPSK format

Harmanjeet Kaur Sidhu, R. Kaler

Proceedings Volume 6389, 63891B (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.684980

KEYWORDS: Wavelength division multiplexing, Solitons, Modulation, Semiconductor optical amplifiers, Single mode fibers, Optical amplifiers, Phase shift keying, Eye, Waveguides, Optical communications

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We investigated twenty channels at 80 Gb/s wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission over 910 km single mode fiber & dispersion compensating fiber using cascaded in-line semiconductor optical amplifiers at span of 70 km for soliton RZ-DPSK (return zero differential phase shift keying) modulation format. With the narrow channel spacing i.e. 200 GHz, we obtained quality more than 15dB of the received signals after covering 910 km transmission distance without any power drop. We optimize the SOA model for in-line amplifier having low cross talk in multi channel WDM systems at zero power penalty with sufficient gain. We show that for the differential gain 200 atto cm² and length 750 mm of SOA has minimum SOA induced crosstalk. The impact of optical power received and Q factor at different differential gain, carrier lifetime and length has been illustrated. It is found that for transmission distance 700 km, as we decrease the channel spacing, there is increase in crosstalk among channels hence quality of signal goes on decreasing. We show clear eye diagram and good optical spectrum is observed at the transmission distance 910 km in soliton RZ-DPSK system.

Proceedings Article | 2 October 2006

Performance analysis of EDFA physical model in optical fiber communication systems

Surinder Singh, Harmanjeet Kaur Sidhu, R. Kaler

Proceedings Volume 6389, 63891A (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.684685

KEYWORDS: Optical amplifiers, Telecommunications, Erbium, Systems modeling, Fiber amplifiers, Optical communications, Performance modeling, Fiber optic communications, Ions, Linear filtering

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To amplify a signal after a few kilometers, need an optical amplifier in optical communication systems. In this paper OSNR as a function of length of EDFA for physical model of EDFA is observed. Also measured the receive power for custom designed length at different wavelength and optimize the length of EDF (Erbium doped fiber). It is observed that at 980nm, EDFA with length 20 to 40m has highest OSNR and satisfactory power available. Similar results are found at wavelength 1550nm.

Proceedings Article | 2 October 2006

40 Gb/s optical wavelength converter for NRZ-DPSK signal based on four wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifier

Harmanjeet Kaur Sidhu, R. Kaler

Proceedings Volume 6389, 63891C (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.684981

KEYWORDS: Four wave mixing, Semiconductor optical amplifiers, Eye, Optical amplifiers, Distortion, Picosecond phenomena, Signal detection, Astatine, Optical networks, Modulation

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We simulated, 40 Gb/s wavelength converter for non-return to zero differential phase shift keying (NRZ-DPSK) signal using four wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), for the first time. Also optimize the signal-to-pump ratio for NRZ-DPSK. The optimum signal-to-pump ratio is 12 dB & 10 dB with Q-factor penalty of 0.685 dB & 0.663 dB. The dependence of four wave mixing efficiency and converted signal power with signal input power studied & it is evaluated that four wave mixing efficiency decrease with increase in input power. The impact of pump power, signal-to-pump ratio, SOA parameters with Q-factor penalty for 40 Gb/s has been illustrated. We show that converted signal power increase up to saturation power of semiconductor optical amplifier, then decreases. It is observed that for optimum pump power, OSNR varies small with signal input power. Investigation also made for transmission distance after conversion.

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 June 2006

Receiver sensitivity improvement using polarization-insensitive semiconductor optical amplifier

Surinder Sodhi, R. Kaler

OE, Vol. 45, Issue 06, 065007, (June 2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.2209193

KEYWORDS: Receivers, Optical filters, Optical amplifiers, Semiconductor optical amplifiers, Optical engineering, Signal detection, Polarization, Semiconductors, Instrument modeling, Tolerancing

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We investigate a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) preamplifier model by suitably choosing the material and device parameters for the SOA to reduce the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise at low range of 22.3 µW with 0.1-mW input power for a PIN receiver. Our proposed SOA optical preamplifier is found to be more relaxed from the optical alignment and antireflection coating, eliminates the need for optical filter, and gives large tolerance for an input light wavelength of more than 100 nm. We also investigate the receiver sensitivity for different bit rates. We show that receiver sensitivity is –69.9 dBm at a bit error rate (BER) of 4.6×10–10 for 10 Gbit/s and for the 40 Gbit/s bit rate the improved receiver sensitivity is –19.2 dBm with a PIN receiver. We also observe a sensitivity of –40.5 dBm at 40 Gbit/s with a differential phase shift keying (DPSK) receiver. Further, the impact of amplified spontaneous emission power, gain variation with input light wavelength, and optical gain for the TE & TM modes with input power for the PIN & DPSK receivers is illustrated. We show that the optical gain of the SOA is polarization independent and remains constant at 30.06 dB up to gain saturation. We also show that the DPSK receiver suffers less from ASE noise. The variation of material loss, length, and bias current for our SOA preamplifier to optimize the receiver sensitivity is further illustrated.

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 June 2006

Comparison of various dispersion-compensation techniques in a cable television system

R. Kaler

OE, Vol. 45, Issue 06, 065004, (June 2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.2209005

KEYWORDS: Eye, Fiber Bragg gratings, Optical proximity correction, Dispersion, Televisions, Optical fibers, Optical engineering, Single mode fibers, Telecommunications, Modulation

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Various dispersion-compensation techniques are compared on the basis of eye opening, eye closure, bit error rate, and Q-factor. The techniques that use dispersion-compensating fiber, fiber Bragg gratings (FBG), optical phase conjugators (OPC), negative dispersion fiber (NDF), and reverse dispersion fiber (RDF) for dispersion compensation are compared. The NDF technique is more attractive for long-distance cable television (CATV) systems as this technique gives better eye opening, eye closure, bit error rate, and Q-factor characteristics than any other technique. The RDF technique is the next-best technique. The FBG technique is attractive only at a 120 km transmission distance in CATV systems. The OPC technique is not recommended for long-distance CATV transmission systems.

Proceedings Article | 25 October 2005

Receiver sensitivity improvement using polarization insensitive semiconductor optical amplifier

Surinder Singh, R. Kaler

Proceedings Volume 6014, 601418 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.631507

KEYWORDS: Receivers, Optical filters, Optical amplifiers, Polarization, Semiconductor optical amplifiers, Signal detection, Transmitters, Tolerancing, Instrument modeling, Optical alignment

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In this paper, we investigate a SOA (semiconductor optical amplifier) preamplifier model by suitable choosing the material and device parameters for the SOA to reduce the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise at low range of 22.3 μW with 0.1 mW input power for PIN receiver. Our proposed SOA optical preamplifier is found to be more relaxed from optical alignment & antireflection coating and eliminate the need of optical filter and give large tolerance of an input light wavelength more than 100 nm. Also we investigate the receiver sensitivity for different bit rate. We show that receiver sensitivity is -69.9 dBm at bit error rate (BER) of 4.6×10^-10 for 10 Gb/s and for the 40 Gb/s bit rate the improved receiver sensitivity is -19.2 dBm with PIN receiver. We also observe the sensitivity of -40.5 dBm at 40 Gb/s with DPSK (differential phase shift keying) receiver. Further the impact of amplified spontaneous emission power, gain variation with input light wavelength & optical gain for TE & TM modes with input power for PIN & DPSK receivers has been illustrated. We show that optical gain of SOA is polarization independent and remain constant 30.06 dB up to gain saturation. We also show that DPSK receiver suffer less from ASE noise. The variation of material loss, length & bias current for our SOA preamplifier to optimize the receiver sensitivity is further illustrated.

Proceedings Article | 17 September 2002

Time shift of pulses due to dispersion: its slope, curvature, and onlinearity

Ajay Sharma, Sandeep Arya, R. Kaler, Vinod Kapoor, R. Sunkariya

Proceedings Volume 4918, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.483080

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Communication engineering, Nonlinear optics, Electronics, Telecommunications, Medium wave, Tantalum, Optical amplifiers, Four wave mixing, Wave propagation

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In this paper we show that the time delay of optical pulses travelign in long fibers is influenced by the dispersion, its slope, curvature and the fiber nonlinearity. It has been shown that they have significant role on the time shift of optical pulses. In addition, nonlinear time shift of pulses that is caused by the interaction of kerr nonlinearity with dispersion have been reported.

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